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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the origin of biological energy
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sun via photosynthesis
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how is energy stored in living things
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gond energy
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what is bond energy
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energy locked up in chemical bonds
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how do we quantify energy in general
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laws of thermodynamics
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what is the first law of thermodynamics
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law of conservation energy is neither created nor destroyed
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Total Ein =
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total Eout
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where does stored energy fit into this equation
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differnece between waht goes in and what comes out
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change in E =
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Ein - Eout
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how do phototrophs sotre energy
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starch cellulose
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how do chemotrophs store energy
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glycogen fats
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what stores energy as bond energy
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plants and animals
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is energy needed or relased from CO2 to glucose
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needed
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is energy needed or released glucose to water
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released
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what is the second law of thermodynamics
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thermodynamic spontaneity provides magnitued and dirction fo the reaction
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how do we measure thermodynamic energy
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gibbs free energy
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change in G =
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prevailing - equilibrium
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what are the standard state values
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T = 298
concentrations = 1M pH = 7 atm = 1 |
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change in G is proportional to
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prevailing - equilibrium
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if keq is greater than one...
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change in g is -
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if keq is less than one then
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change in g is +
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if keq = 1
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then change in g is zero
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energy change form from sunlight -->
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bond
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energy of a bond is measured in
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cal/mol
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the energy of a reactio is determined by calculating
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gibbs free energy change
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change in g is the differnece between
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prevailing and equilibrium conditions
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physiological or steady state is a thermodynamic parameter that defines
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what is versus what could be
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life holds energy in order via
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thermodynamic equilibrium
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true or false. life holds energy in order via kinetic equilibrium
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FALSE thermodynamic equilibrium
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what are enzymes made of
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99% protein
1% ribosomes |
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what are the two domains of enzymes
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acitve site or physiological site
allosteric site |
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what are two models for enzymes
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fischer lock and key
koshland induced fit model |
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what are enzymes sensitive to?
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pH
temp salinity |
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what are the four functions of enzymes
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increase reaction rate
decrease Ea enzyme substrate conformation not being consumed |
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what are three types of regulation
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inhibition
activation post translational |
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does competitive inhibition depend on substrate consentration
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yes increased substrate concentration can overcome competitive inhibition
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does non competitve inhibition depend on substrate concentration
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no once the allosteric site is affected then no substrate can bind regardless of concentration
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what are two types of allosteric regulation
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feedback inhibition
product inhibition end product inhibition |
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what are post translational regulation examples
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covalent modification
proteolytic cleavage |
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what are the three post translational regulation
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covalent modification
proteolytic cleavage pH change |
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the MM plot is what versus waht
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velocity vs substrate concentration
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do vmax and km change
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no they are constants
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what is true when substrate concentration is equal to km
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1/2 vmax
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where are first order and zero order
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s conc less than km to s greater than km
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what is km a measure of
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enzyme affinity
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what are teh unit of vmax
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micromole/sec
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what are the units of km
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mM
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the lineweaver burk graph is what vs what
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1/mM vs. 1/sec/micromole
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what does the MM plot relate
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v km and s conc
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waht does the LB plot determine
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km and vmax
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what are two type of movement across the embrane
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diffusion
active transport |
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what are two types of diffusion
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simple
facilitated |
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what two gradients are concerned with active transport
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molecular
ionic |
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rate of diffusion is _____ to magnitude of concentration
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proportional
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what determines the rate of nonpolar diffusion
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conc
solubility in lipid direction depends on ratio in to out |
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what determines rate of polar diffusion
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gradient but carrier is by saturation kinetics
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a carrier protein is approximately equal to an enzyme. explain
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exhibits saturaiton kinetics
vmax km and 1/2 vmax specificity number of binding sites is limited |
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how does a carrier work
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very speicifc
changes in conformation or has hydrophilic channel |
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how does the cell trick the glucose conentration
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phosphorylates to make G6P
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is active transprot exer or endergonic
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endergonic
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what are two type sof transport
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simple
cotransport |
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what is an example of cotransport
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sodium potassium
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what are the energy sources in transport
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ATP
PEP |
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pumps are ___ with transport with energy input
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coupled
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how many and in what direction for sodium
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three out
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how many k and what direction
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two in
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how does sodium get out
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atpase mechanism
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how does potassium get in
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atp hydrolysis
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what kind of energy is used in transport
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thermodynamic
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what is on top and bottom of the change in g model
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in over out
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what is vm
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membrane potential
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waht must the units of vm be
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V no mV
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is the inside of the cell usually negative or positive
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negative
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