Cell Bio Final Review

Front 1

Modern Cell Theory - How many criterions?

Back 1

1.Every living organism is made up of one or more cells. 2. Cells are the structural and functional unit of living
organisms. The smallest living organisms are single cells, and
cells comprise the functional units of multicellular organisms. 3. All cells arise from preexisting cells ensuring the continuity
of life.
4. Cells contains hereditary information which is passed from
cell to cell during cell division
5. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition.

Front 2

Basic Features to All Cells?

What are some examples of exceptions ?

Back 2

1. Plasma (cell) membrane
2. Genetic material: nucleus or nucleoid
3. Cytoplasm
4. Cell Organization and Cell Dimensions

A. The yolk of a bird is a single cell.
B. Some nerve cells in mammals.
C. Some algae are multinucleate.

Front 3

The Domains of Prokaryotes

Back 3

1. Bacteria
2. Archaea

Front 4

Three Common Shapes of Bacteria

Back 4

1. Spherical
2. Rod-shaped
3. Spiral

Front 5

Features of Prokaryotes

Back 5

• Generally very small and relatively simple
• Boundary is the plasma membrane
• Rigid wall composed of a unique substance, Peptidoglycan • May have motile structures called flagella
• Single DNA molecule (circular) • May have plasmids.
• Cytoplasm
• Ribosomes
• NO internal membrane-bounded structures (organelles)

Front 6

THE EUCARYOTIC CELL

Back 6

• The Nucleus Is the Information Store of the Cell
• Mitochondria Generate Usable Energy from Food to
Power the Cell
• Chloroplasts Capture Energy from Sunlight
• Internal Membranes Create Intracellular Compartments
with Different Functions
• The Cytosol Is a Concentrated Aqueous Gel of Large and
Small Molecules
• The Cytoskeleton Is Responsible for Directed Cell
Movements
• The Cytoplasm Is Far from Static
• Eucaryotic Cells May Have Originated as Predators

Front 7

Features of the Eukaryotic Cell:

Back 7

• Eukaryotic cells have a system of internal membrane- bounded structures, called organelles.
• Nucleus bounded by the nuclear envelope (Eukaryotic means true nucleus)
• Cytoplasm of cytosol in which specialized organelles are suspended
• Greater efficiency for cell activities
• Organelles physically separate different types of cell
activities in the cytoplasm space
• Organelles also allow for separation of cell activities in
time, to provide for sequential cell activities
• May or may not (animals) secrete an external cell wall

Front 8

Main functions of organelles in eukaryotic cell

• Nucleus:

• ER:

• Golgi apparatus:

• Lysosomes:

• Endosome:

• Peroxisome:

• Mitochondria:

• Chloroplast:

Back 8

• Nucleus: double membrane with nuclear pores, contains main genome, site of DNA and RNA synthesis.

• ER: interconnected sacks and tubes of membrane, site of membrane synthesis. With ribosome = rER and site of TM and secreted protein synthesis. sER: more rare, steroid synthesis in some cells and organic molecules detoxified here. Ca2+ can be stored here.

• Golgi apparatus: receives proteins and lipids from ER, modifies them, and sends on their way.

• Lysosomes: degrade worn-out organelles, macromolecules, and endocytosed particles.

• Endosome: early vesicle involved in endocytosis.

• Peroxisome: oxidize toxic molecules.

• Mitochondria: ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation.
Chloroplast: in plants, site of photosynthesis.

Front 9

Pyrimidines VS Purines

Back 9

Pure - As - Gold

Pyrimidines - T- C - U

Front 10

3 Subunits of Macromol

Back 10

1. Sugars
2. AA
3. Nucleotides

Front 11

Catabolic Vs Metabolic Pathways

Back 11

Front 12

Laws of Thermodynamics

Back 12

1st - Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transformed.

2nd - Within a closed system entropy exists and tends to increase.

3rd -