Cell Bio Final

Front 1

Prokaryotes

Back 1

categoryof living cells distinguished by absence of a nucleus. Ex. archaea and(eu)bacteria

Front 2

ER

Back 2

membraneenclosed compartment in cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells where lipids and proteinsare made

Front 3

eukaryotes

Back 3

cellswith distinct nucleus and cytoplasm

Front 4

Golgi complex

Back 4

membraneenclosed organelle in eukaryotic cells that modifies proteins and lipids madein ER and sorts them for transport to other sites

Front 5

organelles

Back 5

compartmentsin eukaryotic cells with specialized function

Front 6

endosomes

Back 6

membraneenclosed compartment in the cytoplasm of the cell through which materialingested by endocytosis passes on its way to lysosomes

Front 7

plasma membrane

Back 7

protein-containinglipid bilayer that surrounds a living cell

Front 8

lysosome

Back 8

membraneenclosed organelle that breaks down old proteins/organelles + waste, as well asmolecules taken up by endocytosis; contains digestive enzymes that are mostactive at acid PH found inside these organelles

Front 9

nucleus

Back 9

prominent,rounded structure that contains the DNA of a eukaryotic cell

Front 10

cytoskeleton

Back 10

systemof protein filaments of a eukaryotic cell that gives cell shape and capacityfor directed movement; composed of actin filaments, intermediate filaments, andmicrotubules

Front 11

micelle

Back 11

lipid molecules thatarrange themselves in a spherical form in aqueous solutions

Front 12

glycolipid

Back 12

lipids with acarbohydrate attached

Front 13

hydrophobic effect

Back 13

tendency of nonpolarsubstances to aggregate in aqueoussolution and exclude water molecules

Front 14

transmembrane protein

Back 14

membrane protein thatspans the entire membrane to which it is attached

Front 15

passive transport

Back 15

protein transportthat involves transport along concentration gradient (no energy requirement)

Front 16

uniport

Back 16

integral membraneprotein involved in facilitated (passive) diffusion; can either be ion channelsor carrier proteins; opened by voltage, stress, ligand gating

Front 17

simple diffusion

Back 17

diffusion across cell membrane withoutany proteins to help

Front 18

symport

Back 18

type of active transport in which aco-transporter and target solute are transported in same direction but targetmolecule goes against concentration gradient (co-transporter goes withgradient)

Front 19

facilitated diffusion

Back 19

passive transport(along gradient) with aid of transmembrane integral proteins

Front 20

antiport

Back 20

type of activetransport in which a co-transporter and target solute are transported indifferent directions (solute from lo to hi and co-transporter from hi to lo)

Front 21

voltage gated channel

Back 21

protein that allowsspecific ions to cross a membrane in response to a change in membrane potential (nerve/muscle cells)

Front 22

active transport

Back 22

transport againstelectrochemical/concentration gradient (requires energy)

Front 23

ion pump

Back 23

transmembrane protein that moves ionsagainst concentration gradient

Front 24

ligand gated channel

Back 24

ion channelstimulated to open by the binding of a ligand/small molecule such as an ion(neurotransmitters/synapses)

Front 25

electrochemical gradient

Back 25

driving force thatdetermines which way an ion will move across a membrane; consists of combinedinfluence of ion’s concentration gradient and membrane potential

Front 26

Na+/K+ pump

Back 26

antiporter-liketransmembrane protein; pumps sodium out of cells while pumping potassium intocells; not actually an antiporter since both molecules are moving againstconcentration gradient; nerve responses

Front 27

stress activated channel

Back 27

ion channel stimulated to open byapplication of mechanical stress

Front 28

membrane potential

Back 28

voltage differenceacross a membrane due to a slight excess of positive ions on one side and aslight excess of negative ions on the other

Front 29

H+ (proton) pump

Back 29

transport proteinthat actively moves H+ across membrane, generating a gradient that can be usedto import solutes against concentration gradient

Front 30

neurotransmitter

Back 30

signaling moleculesecreted by a nerve cell to a synapse to transmit information to a postsynapticcell

Front 31

rough ER

Back 31

region of ERassociated with ribosomes and involved in synthesis of secreted/membrane boundproteins

Front 32

smooth ER

Back 32

region of ER notassociated with ribosomes; involved in lipid synthesis

Front 33

transport vesicles

Back 33

membrane vesicle thatcarries proteins from one intracellular compartment to another

Front 34

signal sequence

Back 34

amino acid sequencethat directs a protein to a specific location in the cell after synthesis

Front 35

translocators

Back 35

transmembraneproteins that unfold transported protein so that it can cross the membrane

Front 36

direct transport

Back 36

transport through nuclear pores +across membranes (via protein translocators)

Front 37

microsome

Back 37

vesicle likeartifacts reformed from pieces of ER when eukaryotic cells are broken up inlaboratory; do not exist in normal cells

Front 38

vesicular transport

Back 38

transport viavesicles; from ER onwards or from one compartment of endomembrane system toanother; fundamentally different from direct transport

Front 39

free ribosomes

Back 39

ribosomes that are unattached to any membrane and make allof the other proteins encoded by nuclear DNA that aren’t made by ER ribosomes

Front 40

Signal recognition particle (SRP)

Back 40

cytosolic protein that recognizes/targets specific proteins to ER; binds to signal sequence of newly synthesized protein

Front 41

ER membrane bound ribosome

Back 41

attached to cytosolic side of ER membrane and outer nuclearmembrane (make the proteins that translocate them into the ER)

Front 42

exocytosis

Back 42

process by which most molecules aresecreted by cell; molecules packaged by membrane vesicles that fuse with plasmamembrane to release contents

Front 43

Rab

Back 43

proteins on surfaceof vesicles recognized by corresponding tethering proteinson the cytosolic surface of target membrane; help in docking/fusion of vesiclesin endocytosis

Front 44

regulated secretory pathway

Back 44

starts with synthesis of proteins on ER membraneand their entry into ER; leads through Golgi apparatus to cell surface; atGolgi, a side branch leads off through endosomes to lysosomes

Front 45

secretion

Back 45

process by whichsubstances are produced and discharged from a cell for a particular function orfor excretion

Front 46

vesicle

Back 46

small, membrane-enclosed, spherical sacin cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell

Front 47

cis golgi network (CGN)

Back 47

section of Golgi thatreceives material from ER

Front 48

ER retention signal

Back 48

signal in protein that keeps it in ER

Front 49

trans golgi network (TGN)

Back 49

portion of Golgifurthest from ER and from which proteins/lipids leave for lysosomes, secretoryvesicles, or cell surface

Front 50

coat proteins

Back 50

proteins that helpform vesicles and come off once they’re formed (ex. Clathrin)

Front 51

cisternae

Back 51

flattened membrane disk that makes upGolgi

Front 52

COP I and II

Back 52

types of vesicle coatproteins that transports proteins from rough ER to golgi

Front 53

SNARE

Back 53

family of membraneproteins responsible for selective fusion of vesicles (v-SNARE) with targetmembrane (t-SNARE)

Front 54

clathrin

Back 54

protein that makes upthe coat of a type of transport vesicle that buds from either golgi (outwardsecretory pathway) or from plasma membrane (inward endocytic pathway)

Front 55

endocytosis

Back 55

process by whichcells take in materials through an invagination of plasma membrane, whichsurrounds ingested material in a membrane enclosed vesicle

Front 56

pseudopod

Back 56

temporary projections of cell membranesfor phagocytosis/endocytosis

Front 57

adaptin

Back 57

proteins that mediateformation of vesicles by clathrin-coated pits, through interaction withmembrane bound receptors; also help select cargo

Front 58

macropinocytosis

Back 58

form of endocytosisin which a large fluid-filled vesicle, or macropinosome, is punched off cellmembrane and brought into interior of cell

Front 59

phagosome

Back 59

vesicle that contains a phagocytosedparticle

Front 60

dynamin

Back 60

GTPase responsiblefor pinching off vesicle from plasma membrane during endocytosis/vesicleformation

Front 61

phagocytosis

Back 61

process by which materialis engulfed by a cell; prominent in predatory cells but also part of immunesystem (macrophages)

Front 62

phagolysosome

Back 62

cytoplasmic body formedby fusion of phagosome (with ingested particles) with a lysosome

Front 63

early endosome

Back 63

endosome near plasma membrane

Front 64

pinocytosis

Back 64

type of endocytosis in which solublematerials/fluids are taken up from environment and incorporated into vesiclesfor digestion (“cell drinking”)

Front 65

late endosome

Back 65

endosomes near nucleus

Front 66

receptor mediated endocytosis

Back 66

also called clathrin-dependent endocytosis, is a process by which cells absorb molecules (endocytosis) by the inward budding of plasma membrane vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being absorbed.

Front 67

transcytosis

Back 67

process by which various macromolecules are transported across the interior of a cell. Macromolecules are captured in vesicles on one side of the cell, drawn across the cell, and ejected on the other side.

Front 68

lysosome

Back 68

membrane bound organelle that breaksdown worn out organelles, waste, etc

Front 69

(macro)autophagy

Back 69

mechanism of celldegradation of unnecessary or dysfunctional cellular components (autophagosome)

Front 70

mannose 6 phosphate

Back 70

molecule bound bylectin in immune system

Front 71

microautophagy

Back 71

autophagic pathwaymediated by lysosomal engulfment of cytoplasmic cargo

Front 72

ubiquitin

Back 72

regulatory protein;act as a tag on proteins for degradation by proteasome

Front 73

ubiquitilation

Back 73

post translationalmodification where ubiquitin is attached to substrate protein; 3 main steps:E1, E2, E3

Front 74

E1 ubiquitin

Back 74

step one ofubiquitilation; ubiquitin activating enzymes that catalyze first step ofubiquitilation; E1 enzyme + ATP binds to ubiquitin protein

Front 75

endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation

Back 75

Endoplasmic-reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) designates acellular pathway which targets misfolded proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum forubiquitination and subsequent degradation by a protein-degrading complex, called the proteasome.

Front 76

ubiquitin E2

Back 76

step 2 ofubiquitilation; ubiquitin carrier/ubiquitin conjugator, forms protein complexwith E3

Front 77

unfolded protein response (UPR)

Back 77

cellular stress response related to the endoplasmic reticulum. activated in response to an accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. In this scenario, the UPR has three aims: initially to restore normal function of the cell by halting protein translation, degrading misfolded proteins, and activating the signaling pathways that lead to increasing the production of molecularchaperones involved in protein folding. If these objectives are not achieved within a certain time lapse or the disruption is prolonged, the UPR aims towards apoptosis.

Front 78

proteasome

Back 78

protein complexesthat degrades unneeded/damaged proteins by proteolysis (process that breakspeptide bonds)

Front 79

E3 ubiquitin ligase

Back 79

step 3 in ubiquitilation; ubiquitinprotein ligase that recognizes which protein needs to be tagged and catalyzestransfer of ubiquitin to that target protein to tag for degradation

Front 80

chaperone proteins

Back 80

assist in properfolding of proteins; holds misfolded proteins in ER and prevents them from

Front 81

19S caps (2)

Back 81

part of proteasome core particle thatcontains multiple ATPase active sites and ubiquitin binding sites; recognizespolyubiquitinated proteins and transfers them to catalyitic core

Front 82

hsp70

Back 82

family of ubiquitedproteins that deal with disposal of misfolded proteins

Front 83

unfoldase

Back 83

enzyme that catalyzes protein unfolding

Front 84

hsp60

Back 84

mitochondrial chaperonesresponsible for transportation and refolding of proteins from cytoplasm intomitochondrial matrix

Front 85

20S core

Back 85

core of proteasome

Front 86

AAA-ATPase

Back 86

diverse proteinfamily that couple energy provided by ATP hydrolysis to conformational changes

Front 87

cytoskeleton

Back 87

networkof protein filaments that extends throughout the cytoplasm; highly dynamic andcontinuously reorganized

Front 88

intermediate filament

Back 88

madeup of a family of fibrous proteins; enable cells to withstand mechanical stress

Front 89

actin filament

Back 89

thin, flexible protein filament made from chain of globular actinmolecules; essential for cell movement and contraction of muscle cells

Front 90

microtubule

Back 90

hollowtube made up of aB tubulin, guide transport; long,stiff cylindrical structure composed of tubulin protein; used to organizecytoplasm and guide intracellular transport of macromolecules + organelles

Front 91

cell crawling

Back 91

form of cell movement driven by actin polymerization (think amoeba)

Front 92

keratin filaments

Back 92

type of intermediate filament in epithelia cells; provides tensilestrength

Front 93

tubulins

Back 93

proteinfrom which microtubules are made of; there are alpha and beta tubulins

Front 94

centrosome

Back 94

MOTC;situated near nucleus; duplicates to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle

Front 95

microtubule organizing center (MTOC)

Back 95

centrosome

Front 96

dynamic instability

Back 96

rapidshrinking and growth of microtubules

Front 97

kinesins

Back 97

motorproteins that use energy from ATP hydrolysis to move to + end of microtubule

Front 98

dyneins

Back 98

motorproteins that use energy from ATP hydrolysis to move to – end of microtubule

Front 99

cilia/cilium

Back 99

hairlikestructure made of microtubules found on surface of eukaryotic cells; movesfluids over surface of cell

Front 100

flagella/flagellum

Back 100

long,whiplike structure that propels cell through a fluid medium

Front 101

treadmilling

Front 102

critical concentration

Front 103

phalloidin

Back 103

drugthat stabilizes polymers during actin polymerization

Front 104

cytochalasin

Back 104

drugthat binds to + end of actin filaments and blocks actin polymerization

Front 105

thymosin

Back 105

proteinsinvolved in regulating actin assembly; bind free actin monomers to buffer theactin monomer pool

Front 106

cofilin

Back 106

stimulatesexchange of ADP for ATPàformationof ATP-actin monomers to be polymerized.

Front 107

profilin

Back 107

promotaesremodeling of the actin cytoskeleton that is required for a variety of cellmovements and changes in cell shape.

Front 108

myosin

Back 108

promotaesremodeling of the actin cytoskeleton that is required for a variety of cellmovements and changes in cell shape.

Front 109

myofibril

Back 109

longcylindrical structure that constitutes contractile element of muscle cell; madeof actin, myosin and accessory proteins

Front 110

sarcomeres

Back 110

assemblyof actin and myosin filaments that serves as contractile unit of myofibril inmuscle cell

Front 111

tropomyosin

Back 111

rigid, rod-shaped molecule that preventsmyosin heads from associating w/ actin (muscle contraction)

Front 112

lamellipodia

Back 112

dynamicsheetlike extension on surface of animal cell; helps in cell crawling

Front 113

troponin

Back 113

proteincomplex with Ca2+ sensitive protein involved in regulating muscle contraction, associated with tropomyosin

Front 114

filopodia

Back 114

long,thin, actin containing extension on animal cell (cell crawling)m

Front 115

mitosis

Back 115

divisionof nucleus of a eukaryotic cell into identical daughter cells

Front 116

aster

Back 116

star-shapedarray of microtubules emanating from centrosome/pole of mitotic spindle

Front 117

cytokinesis

Back 117

divisionof cytoplasm to complete formation of two identical daughter cells

Front 118

condensin

Back 118

proteincomplex; condenses chromosomes/readies them for segregation by mitotic spindle

Front 119

mitotic spindle

Back 119

arrayof microtubules + molecules that forms between opposite poles of eukaryoticcell during mitosis and pulls duplicated chromosome sets apart

Front 120

kinetochore

Back 120

proteincomplex that assembles on centromere of condensed mitotic chromosome; site towhich spindles attach

Front 121

spindle pole

Back 121

centrosomefrom which microtubules radiate to form mitotic spindle

Front 122

sister chromatid

Back 122

copyof a chromosome that remains bound to the other copy

Front 123

cohesin

Back 123

proteincomplex that holds sister chromatids together after DNA replication in S phase

Front 124

cell cycle control

Back 124

networkof regulatory proteins that control cell thru stages of cell division

Front 125

M Phase

Back 125

periodof cell cycle during which nucleus + cytoplasm divide

Front 126

aneuploidy

Back 126

productof chromosome mis-segregation; eggs contain the wrong number of chromosomes

Front 127

tumorigenesis

Back 127

production/formationof a tumor or tumors

Front 128

tumor suppressor gene

Back 128

genethat in normal cells inhibits cancerous behavior

Front 129

cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks)

Back 129

enzymethat, when complexed with a regulatory cyclin protein, can trigger variousevents in the cell division cycle by phosphorylating specific target proteins

Front 130

tetraploidy

Back 130

exampleof polyploidy; chromosomes containing three pairs of homologous chromosomes

Front 131

cyclins

Back 131

regulatoryprotein whose concentration rises and falls at specific times during theeukaryotic cell cycle

Front 132

G1 phase

Back 132

Gap1 phase of cell cycle; between end of cytokenisis and start of DNA synthesis (Sphase)

Front 133

S phase

Back 133

periodduring cell cycle in which DNA is synthesized

Front 134

mitogen

Back 134

extracellularsignal molecule that stimulates cell cycle

Front 135

phosphorylation

Back 135

additionof a phosphate group to a side chain of a protein, catalyzed by a kinase,serves as a form of regulation that usually alters activity or properties oftarget protein

Front 136

retinoblastoma (Rb)

Back 136

mediatesnegative control during cell cycle; releases transcription regulators whenphosphorylated, which are required for cell proliferation

Front 137

dephosphorylation

Back 137

removalof a phosphate group; serves as a form of regulation

Front 138

Cdk inhibitor protein

Back 138

regulatesCdk activity by blocking assembly of cyclin-Cdk complexes

Front 139

p53

Back 139

transcriptionregulator that controls cell’s response to DNA damage, preventing cell fromentering S phase until the damage has been repaired or inducing the cell tocommit suicide if the damage is too extensive

Front 140

inhibitory kinase (Wee1)

Back 140

phosphorylatesM cyclin-Cdk complex to inhibit activity of cell cycle

Front 141

p21

Back 141

p21-- Cdk inhibitor activated by p53 that is part of cell control system

Front 142

activating phosphatase

Back 142

dephosphorylatesM-Cdk complex to reactivate the complex

Front 143

signal transduction

Back 143

conversion of animpulse/stimulus from one physical/chemical form to another; process by whichcells convert extracellular signals to intracellular ones

Front 144

cell surface receptor

Back 144

proteins on membranethat detect signals and transmit them to the cell’s response machinery

Front 145

endocrine signaling

Back 145

hormones are secretedinto the bloodstream and distributed widely throughout body; long range

Front 146

Notch-Delta pathway

Back 146

intracellular pathway that triggers adirect route to control gene expression; Notch is a receptor protein that actsas a transcription regulator. Activated by Delta binding (Transmembrane signalprotein on neighboring cell) and cleaves Notch receptor so that it can move tothe nucleus and activate genes --->contactdependent signaling

Front 147

neuronal signaling

Back 147

signals transmittedelectrically along a nerve cell axon; causes release of neurotransmittersacross synapse; long range

Front 148

Wnt pathway

Front 149

paracrine signaling

Back 149

cells secrete signalsthat diffuse locally thru extracellular fluid, remaining in the cell thatsecretes them; local mediators on nearby cells

Front 150

adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)

Back 150

tumor suppressor geneinactive in cancer cells

Front 151

autocrine sginaling

Back 151

form of paracrinesignaling in which cells respond to the signals they produce

Front 152

B-catenin

Front 153

contact dependent (cell to cell) signaling

Back 153

cells make directcontact and bind to receptors on adjacent cells; allows for differentiation ofcells during development

Front 154

adaptor protein

Back 154

in between proteinsbetween transmembrane protein and another activated protein

Front 155

steroid hormone

Back 155

intracellularreceptor proteins; hydrophobic and pass through membrane to bind to receptorsin cytosol or nucelus

Front 156

intracellular signaling molecule

Back 156

molecule thattransduces/transmits signals from within the cell

Front 157

extracellular signaling molecule

Back 157

molecule that bindsto outside cell surface receptors to induce a response within the cell

Front 158

terminal effector

Front 159

effector proteins

Back 159

proteins that directly affect cellactivity

Front 160

intracellular receptor

Back 160

receptor on theinside cell surface membrane

Front 161

intracellular signaling pathway

Back 161

set of proteins and small moleculesecond messengers that interact to relay a signal from the cell membrane to itsfinal destination in the cytoplasm/nucleus

Front 162

ion channel coupled receptor

Back 162

type of cell surfacereceptor that changes permeability of membrane to ions

Front 163

GAP

Back 163

GTPase activatingproteins; deactivate by promoting GTP hydrolysis

Front 164

G protein effector

Front 165

protein kinase

Back 165

enzymes that catalyze transfer of phosphategroup from ATP to an amino acid side chain on a target proteins

Front 166

second messenger

Back 166

small intracellular signalingmolecule generated/released in responseto extracellular signals

Front 167

protein phosphatase

Back 167

enzyme that catalyzes removal ofphosphate group from a protein

Front 168

cyclic AMP

Back 168

small intracellularsignal molecule generated by ATP in response to hormonal stimulation of cellsurface receptors

Front 169

cyclic GMP

Front 170

trimeric G protein

Back 170

family of proteins that act asmolecular switches in cells

Front 171

G protein coupled receptor

Back 171

type of cell surfacereceptor that activates membrane bound G proteins, which then thenactivate/inhibit enzyomes or ion channel in membrane, initiating signalingcascade

Front 172

adynylyl cyclase

Back 172

enzyme that catalyzesthe formation of cyclic AMP to ATP; component of intracellular signaling

Front 173

GEF

Back 173

guanine nucleotideexchange factor; activate by converting GDP to GTP

Front 174

protein kinase A (PKA)

Back 174

enzymes dependent oncAMP levels for activity

Front 175

phospholipase C

Back 175

enzyme associated withplasma membrane that generates two small messenger molecules when activated

Front 176

growth factor

Back 176

signal thatstimulates growth

Front 177

inositol phospholipid

Back 177

phospholipid withinositol sugar attached to head

Front 178

MAPKKK

Back 178

first MAP kinase tobe phosphorylated in MAP-kinase signaling module

Front 179

PIP2

Front 180

EGF

Front 181

MAPKK

Back 181

second map kinase to be phosphorylatedin MAP kinase signaling module

Front 182

DAG

Back 182

diacylglycerol; lipidthat remains in plasma membrane after generation by phospholipase C; helpsrecruit and activate protein kinase C

Front 183

phosphotyrosine

Front 184

MAP kinase (MAPK)

Back 184

activated proteinkinase; final kinase in the MAP kinase signaling module

Front 185

IP3

Back 185

small messengermolecule generated by phospholipase C; sugar phosphate released into thecytosol and opens Ca2+ channels embedded in ER membrane

Front 186

IP3 gated Ca2+ channel

Front 187

oncogene

Back 187

gene that can cause cancer if overexpressed

Front 188

protein kinase C (PKC)

Back 188

protein that phosphorylates targetproteins in response to rise in cytosolic Ca2+ Grb2

Front 189

enzyme coupled receptors

Back 189

type of receptor on cell surface thatact as enzymes or associate with enzymes inside cell to activate pathways

Front 190

Ras

Back 190

small GTP bindingprotein bound by a lipid tail to the cytoplasmic face of plasma membrane;molecular switch that initiates phosphorylation cascade (MAPKKKs)

Front 191

receptor tyrosine kinase (RTKs)

Back 191

type of enzymecoupled receptor; cytoplasmic domain functions as a tyrosine protein kinasewhich phosphorylates tyrosines on specific intracellular proteins

Front 192

Ras-GEF and Ras-GAP

Back 192

see above definitionsof GEF and GAP

Front 193

necrosis

Back 193

cell death in whichcells empty their contents into extracellular fluid due to acute damage

Front 194

caspase 9

Back 194

initiator caspase

Front 195

apoptosome

Back 195

protein complex that promotes apoptosis

Front 196

apoptosis

Back 196

programmed cell death

Front 197

initiator caspase

Back 197

cleaves caspase toactivate executioner caspases

Front 198

Bcl-2

Back 198

regulate apoptosis byactivating/inhibiting caspases

Front 199

caspase 3

Back 199

executioner caspase

Front 200

Bax

Back 200

releases cytochrome cinto cytosol to induce apoptosis

Front 201

cytotoxic T cells

Back 201

killer cells involvedin apoptosis

Front 202

executioner caspase

Back 202

caspases that can amiplify caspase cascade or break down proteins in cell

Front 203

Bid

Back 203

activates intrinsic apoptotic pathway

Front 204

blebbing

Back 204

bulging of cell surface duringapoptosis

Front 205

extrinsic pathway

Back 205

inresponse to extracellular signal molecules released by killer cells (e.x.cytotoxic T cells)

Front 206

IAP

Back 206

—Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs); directlyinhibit Caspase 3 and Caspase 9

Front 207

procaspase

Back 207

inactive precursor tocaspases; become activated when prodomain is cleaved

Front 208

intrinsic pathway

Front 209

PIP3

Back 209

second messenger rapidly produced at the plasmamembrane in response to growth factor signal

Front 210

caspase

Back 210

family of proteases that mediates cell death viaapoptosis

Front 211

death ligand

Back 211

protein on surface ofone cell that binds to death receptor of another cell to activate apoptosis

Front 212

PI3 kinase (PI3K)

Back 212

phosphoinositide 3-kinase; produce lipid dockingsites on plasma membrane

Front 213

prodomain

Back 213

part of caspase that makes it aprocaspase; inactivates it

Front 214

death receptor

Back 214

receptor on cell thatactivates apoptosis when bound to death ligand

Front 215

PTEN

Front 216

caspase 8

Back 216

initiator caspase

Front 217

cytochrome c

Back 217

protein inmitochondria that is released into cytosol by Bax/Bak to trigger apoptosis

Front 218

Akt

Back 218

also called protein kinase B (PKB); promotes growth/survival of cells byinactivating the signaling proteins it phosphorylates

Front 219

epithelium

Front 220

claudin

Front 221

adherens junction

Front 222

polarity

Front 223

paracellular channel

Front 224

desmosome

Front 225

apical surface

Front 226

gap junction

Front 227

hemidesmosome

Front 228

basal surface

Front 229

connexon

Front 230

focal adhesion

Front 231

basal lamina

Front 232

intercellular channel

Front 233

ligand-binding affinity

Front 234

tight junction

Front 235

anchoring junction

Front 236

avidity

Front 237

basolateral domain

Front 238

E-cadherin

Front 239

tumor metastasis

Front 240

occludin

Front 241

desmosomal cadherin

Back 241

,

Front 242

tissue

Back 242

cooperative assemblyof cells and matrix woven together to form a distinctive multicellular fabricwith a specific function

Front 243

fibrillar collagen

Back 243

made up of collagenfibers

Front 244

collagen fibers

Back 244

triple helical fiberssynthesized first as procollagen before it’s cleaved to be a mature collagenfiber, which self assemble into collagen fibrils and are covalently crosslinked to one another by lysyl oxidase (additional tensile strength), and thecollagen fibrils are further packed into collagen fibers; organized byfibroblasts in connective tissues; provide path for cell migration

Front 245

epithelium

Back 245

type of tissue that lines cavities andsurfaces of structures throughout body

Front 246

fibroblast

Back 246

type of cell that synthesizes ECM andcollagen, role in wound healing,

Front 247

connective tissue

Back 247

type of tissue thatsupports, connects or separates different

Front 248

triple helix

Back 248

triple stranded ahelices

Front 249

hydrogel

Back 249

fibrillar collagenhydrogel used as scaffold material for tissue

Front 250

GAG

Back 250

glycosaminoglycans; major structuralcomponent of ECM; polysaccharides with repeating disaccharide units; highdensity of negative charges that attract a large amount of wateràcompressivestrength to tissue

Front 251

basal lamina

Back 251

layer of ECM secretedby epithelial cells on which epith

Front 252

lysal oxidase

Back 252

covalently cross links collagen fibrilsto form fibers

Front 253

proteoglycan

Back 253

proteins that areheavily glycosylated; often connected to

Front 254

collagen

Back 254

triple stranded,fibrous protein that is a major component of the extracellular matrix andconnective tissues; it is the main protein in animal tissues

Front 255

collagen fibril

Back 255

assembly of cleavedprocollagen

Front 256

hyaluronan

Back 256

long GAGs that arelinked to proteoglycans noncovalently to form large GAG-proteoglycan complexes