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298 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What do autotrophs use as the source of carbon?
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CO2 and CH4
|
|
Autotrophs have all the same enzyme systems as?
|
Heterotrophs
|
|
3 stages of food breakdown?
|
1)hydrolysis
2)conversion into acetyl coA 3)glycolysis, beta-oxidation, etc. |
|
How much of our energy is made during glycolysis?
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10%
|
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What breaks down a fatty acid?
|
beta-oxidation
|
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What is the common intermediete?
|
acetyl coA
|
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What is the most universal catabolic pathway?
|
glycolysis (also oldest pathway and its universal)
|
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How can glycolysis be so fast and efficient?
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there must be a chain of enzymes in the cytoplasm
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What are the first 3 steps of glycolysis called and what does it do?
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the activation reactions. it phosphoryates glucose
|
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What high energy bond breaks and makes ATP during glycolysis?
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COO-PO3H2
|
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How many calories in AMP and ADP/ATP?
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3000 and 7000
|
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What is the cells prefered way of metabolizing?
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glycolysis
|
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What food molecules are broken down first?
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glucose
|
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What do aldoses and ketoses get turned into?
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aldoses-glucose
ketose-fructose |
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What does NAD stand for?
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nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
|
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What is the overall reaction of glycolysis?
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glucose+2ATP --> 2 pyruvate+4 ATP+2 NADH,H
|
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What does the first step of aerobic respiration do?
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turns pyruvate into acetyl coA (called the gateway reaction)
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what enzymes do anabolism and catabolism use?
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anabolism-NADP
catabolism-NAD |
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what can pyruvate be turned into for energy?
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acetyl coA, ethanol, lactic acid-->propanoic acid, and alanin
|
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What enzyme is needed for the gateway reaction?
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pyruvate dehydrogenase
|
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What is the condensing enzyme?
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citrate synthetase
|
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How were the steps of the Kreb's Cycle discovered?
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Sir Hans Krebs using inhibitors at every step
|
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How do plants and animals differ in the krebs cycle?
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animals make ATP and plants make GTP
|
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What would happen to plants and animals if a krebs cycle toxin were given?
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animals would die, but plants have other ways to make food
|
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WHere does the majority of ATP come from?
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the oxidation reactions
|
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What percent of glucose is actually made into ATP?
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50%
|
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What are some oxidation toxins?
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CO and CN
|
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What is the most common fatty acid?
|
palmitic acid
|
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What do you get more ATP energy per unit weight from?
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fat
|
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What is the overall reaction of the Krebs Cycle?
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Acetyl CoA + Oxaloacetate --> 2CO2+ 3NADH,H+ 1FADH2+ 1 ATP
|
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What is the mitochondria called and how much of the bodys energy is made there?
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power plant of the cell; 90%
|
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Where does respiration take place?
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The inner memebrane (cristae) of the mitochondria
|
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What do more active cells have?
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more mitochondria and more cristae folding
|
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What happens at the end of reproduction?
|
reduction of oxygen and production of water
|
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What makes ATP during the oxidation reactions?
|
hydrogen pumps make a large concentration gradient of H+, so they rush in through the ATP synthase and the mechanical energy is turned into chemical energy to phosphorylate ADP
|
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What are the sources of high energy electrons for oxidative phosphorylation?
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NADH,H
FADH2 light |
|
What are the 3 respiratory enzyme complexes?
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1)NADH dehydrogenase complex
2)Cytochrome b,c complex 3)Cytochrome a-oxidase complex |
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What are the 2 components of ATP synthase?
|
rotor and stator
|
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What is the overall reaction of photosynthesis?
|
6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
|
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What is the evolutionary chain of photosynthesis?
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chemoautotrophic prokaryotes --> photosynthetic prokaryotes --> oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryotes
|
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What are the two steps of photosynthesis?
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Biophysical steps (ligh reactions) and Biochemical steps (dark reactions)
|
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What is photophosphorylation?
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Using light energy to phosphorylate ADP
|
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WHat are the 3 steps of the light reactions?
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photophosphorylation, photolysis of water, and reduction of coenzymes (all of these are physical events!)
|
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Why do plants need the dark reactions?
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ATP cannot cross the chloroplast membrane
|
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Which energy pathway has a faster rate?
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During the day photosynthesis does
|
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What can activated chlorophyll deactivate into?
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heat, red flouresence, or an electron
|
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WHere must the chloropyll be to work?
|
in the photosynthetic unit (quantosome)(only the tip gets ionized)
|
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Where do teh biochemial and the biophysical reactions occur?
|
biochemical-stroma
biophysical-thylakoid membrane |
|
What does oxigenic photosynthesis involve?
|
cyclic photosystem
|
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What is glycogenesis?
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when glycogenic amino acids are converted into glucose
|
|
How did Calvin discover the steps of the Calvin cycle?
|
used radioactive CO2 and paper chromatography
|
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How is glucose made in the dark reactions?
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RuBP+CO2 --rubisco-> 2PGA -->-->--> glucose
|
|
What are grana and what are they connected by?
|
grana are a stack of thylakoids. grana are connected by lamella.
|
|
What type of carotenoids?
|
carotene (orange), xanthophyll (yellow), lycopen (red)
|
|
What breaks down chlorophyll?
|
chlorophyllase
|
|
what percent of the cell is organelles?
|
50%
|
|
Where do proteins made in a free ribosome go?
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nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, peroxisome
|
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Where do proteins made in a membrane bound ribosome go?
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plasma membrane, secretory vesicles, and lysosomes
|
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What are the 3 types of protein transport?
|
nuclear pores, transporting across the membrane, and vesicular transport
|
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How many needed proteins do mitochondria and chloroplasts make?
|
mitochondria-20%
chloroplast-60% |
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What is needed for membrane bound transport?
|
chaperone proteins
|
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Where are soluable/insoluable proteins made?
|
soluable-membrane bound ribosomes
insoluable-free ribosomes |
|
What guides a protein to its destination?
|
signal sequence
|
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What is the inside of the ER called?
|
lumen
|
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What are the two steps of vesicular distribution?
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buding and fusion
|
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How does a protein get inside the ER?
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translocation channel
|
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Whats the marker for going outside of the cell?
|
clattrin
|
|
What can serve as a marker and receptor?
|
v-snares and t-snares
|
|
What happens when a protein is glycosylated?
|
a lipid-linked oligosaccharide is added
|
|
What are the 2 sides of the golgi?
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cis (reciever) and trans (sender)
|
|
Whats the difference between constitutive secretion and regulated secretion?
|
regulated has a signal (hormone, nuerotransmitter, etc)
|
|
What are the 4 types of signalling?
|
Endocrine, paracrine, neuronal, and contact dependent
|
|
What does acytlcholine do?
|
relaxes heart muscle, secretes saliva, and contracts skeletal muscle
|
|
What types of receptors are they?
|
intracellular and extracellular
|
|
What types of receptors are steroids?
|
intracellular
|
|
How does viagra work?
|
NO (relaxes the muscles around the arteries)
|
|
What are the 3 types of extracellular receptors?
|
1)Ion channel linked
2)G protein linked 3)Enzyme linked |
|
What does cyclic AMP do?
|
interacts with a variety of enzymesand modifies the function of the cell
|
|
What 2 ways can signalling activate a cell?
|
Phosphorylation and GTP-binding proteins
|
|
What does gycogen and epinephrine activate?
|
glucokinase enzyme
|
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What does cell to cell signalling need?
|
hormone and receptor
|
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Where can receptors be?
|
on the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, or on the nucleus
|
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When does cell signalling work directly or indirectly?
|
Works directly when receptor is on teh nuclus or cytoplasm; indirectly when on the plasma membrane
|
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What kind of effect do water soluble hormones have?
|
short and immediete
|
|
What can water soluble hormones cause receptors to do?
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trigger ion channel, formation of protein kinase, formation of protein tyrosine-P, formation of cAMP, or activation of G protein
|
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What does cyclic AMP do?
|
makes the protein kinase active
|
|
WHat kind of receptors are cytokine recpetors?
|
intracellular
|
|
How much of an animal cell is taken up by the cytoskeleton?
|
50%
|
|
What is the cytoskeleton responsible for?
|
shape of cells, position and movement of organelles, and cellular movement
|
|
What technique was used to discover the cytoskeleton?
|
immunofluerecense
|
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Structural elements of the cytoskeleton from thinnest to thickest?
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microfilament, intermediete filament, and microtubules
|
|
What are microtubles used in?
|
spindle fibers and cilia
|
|
what drugs disrupt microtubule assembly?
|
colchicin and antimitotic
|
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What are microfilaments the polymer of?
|
actin
|
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What are microfilaments uses?
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cell motility and muscle contraction
|
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What are intermediete filaments responsible for?
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tension bearing (mechanical strength) and keeping the nucleus in place
|
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Where can intermediete filaments be found?
|
nuclear lamina and epithelial tissue
|
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What quality do microtubules have?
|
dynamic instability
|
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What are microtubules made of?
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protein tubulin
|
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How does the microtubule grow and shrink?
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one end attached to centrosome and centriols inside will take off or add peices
|
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What's another name for microfilaments?
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actin filaments
|
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What are microfilaments made of?
|
helical polymers of the protein actin
|
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Where can you find microfilaments?
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cortex (just beneath the plasma membrane)
|
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What is actin used for?
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component of muscles with myosin
|
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Where are places microtubules are found?
|
flagella, metaphase of meiosis, axon in nerve cells
|
|
How do microtubules grow and shrink?
|
tubulin molecules add on the + end using GTP, or protofilaments peel away and GDP tubulin is released
|
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What are the most famous motor proteins and where are they used?
|
dynein and kinesin (nerve cells)
|
|
How do dynein and kinesin move?
|
When carrying cargo they walk on microtubules, dynein to the inside of the cell and kinesin to the outside of the cell
|
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What do motor proteins need for movement?
|
GTP
|
|
What causes flagella movement?
|
dynein arm (using ATP) moves A microtubule against a B microtubule
|
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How can actin be put together?
|
globular (G) or fibrous (F)
|
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What are the two types of movement and what are they based on?
|
muscular (actin and myosin) and nonmuscular (motor proteins and actin independent of myosin)
|
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What protein is involved in flagella movement in prokaryotes?
|
flaggeline
|
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What is ambeoid movement (also called cell crawling)?
|
actin grows in one direction pushing the membrane while on the other side actin shrinks and pulls the membrane
|
|
WHat is cytoplasmic streaming?
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organelles circulating inside the cell (needs ATP)
|
|
What do many proteins bind to in order to modify their function?
|
actin
|
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What does ambeoid movement use?
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lameltyiodeum and fillapodia
|
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What motor protein is needed for muscle movement?
|
myosin
|
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What needs to be present for actin to bind to myosin?
|
calcium
|
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How does the sliding filament model move?
|
ATP binds to myosin to move head up, not bound and head goes down
|
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What is extra sugar stored as?
|
glycogen
|
|
What stores oxygen in muscle cells?
|
(oxy)myoglobin
|
|
How can actin be put together?
|
globular (G) or fibrous (F)
|
|
What are the two types of movement and what are they based on?
|
muscular (actin and myosin) and nonmuscular (motor proteins and actin independent of myosin)
|
|
What protein is involved in flagella movement in prokaryotes?
|
flaggeline
|
|
What is ambeoid movement (also called cell crawling)?
|
actin grows in one direction pushing the membrane while on the other side actin shrinks and pulls the membrane
|
|
WHat is cytoplasmic streaming?
|
organelles circulating inside the cell (needs ATP)
|
|
What do many proteins bind to in order to modify their function?
|
actin
|
|
What does ambeoid movement use?
|
lameltyiodeum and fillapodia
|
|
What motor protein is needed for muscle movement?
|
myosin
|
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What needs to be present for actin to bind to myosin?
|
calcium
|
|
How does the sliding filament model move?
|
ATP binds to myosin to move head up, not bound and head goes down
|
|
What is extra sugar stored as?
|
glycogen
|
|
What stores oxygen in muscle cells?
|
(oxy)myoglobin
|
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DNA isolated from cow liver cells contains 28% A, what percent will be C?
|
22%
|
|
Which of the following is the correct order of the levels of DNA packaging in eukaryotic chromosomes?
|
nucleosome --> chromatin fiber --> looped domains --> heterochromatin
|
|
What does transformation involve in bacteria?
|
assimilation of external DNA
|
|
Which of the following compounds is not a part of cellular membranes?
|
ribonucleic acid
|
|
Give an example of noncoding DNA
|
all of the above (pseudogene, intron, simple sequence DNA)
|
|
This protein helps unwind double stranded DNA prior to its replication
|
Helicase
|
|
These are composed of repeats of simple sequence DNA and are required to maintain the ends of linear chromosomes
|
telomeres
|
|
At a replication fork, Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand are synthesized?
|
5' to 3'
|
|
A change in a nucleotide sequence that results in addition of deletion of a single nucleotide and largely changes the amino acid sequence of the resulting peptide is known as a?
|
frameshift mutation
|
|
AN individual has been infected with a particular retrovirus. In order for the latent virus DNA to be inherited by subsequent generations stemming from this individual, it must be found
|
in germ line cells
|
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Which of the following is not associated with mRNA processing in eukaryotes?
|
removal of exons
|
|
The central dogma of retroviruses is most accurately described as
|
RNA --> DNA -->RNA --> protein
|
|
Semi-conservative nature of DNA replication means that
|
two strands of DNA will be opened and each strand will be replicated to make double stranded DNA
|
|
DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA
|
from 5' to 3' direction
|
|
THe short length primer used for DNA polymerase is
|
a small RNA molecule
|
|
DNA polymerase works?
|
all are correct
|
|
Transposable elements are
|
the mobile non-functioning DNA fragments which may affect neighboring gene function
|
|
WHich of the following represents a similarity between RNA and DNA?
|
nucleotides consisting of a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen base
|
|
RNA differs from DNA in that RNA
|
contains ribose as its sugar and contains uracil instead of thymine
|
|
A particular triplet of bases in the coding sequence of DNA is AGT. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is
|
UCA
|
|
A particular eukaryotic protein is 300 amino acids long. Which of the following would be the maximum number of nucleotides in the DNA that codes for the amino acids in this protein?
|
900
|
|
If the triplet UUU codes for the amino acid phenylalanine in bacteria, then in plants UUU should code for
|
phenylalanine
|
|
Where is the attachement site for RNA polymerase?
|
promoter region
|
|
Which of the following is not involved in transcription?
|
initiation factors
|
|
Which of the following helps to stabilize mRNA by inhibiting its degredation?
|
poly(A) tail
|
|
What are the coding segments of a stretch of eukaryotic DNA called?
|
exons
|
|
What are ribosomes composed of?
|
both rRNA and protein
|
|
DUring translation, chain elongation continues until what happens?
|
chain terminator codons occur
|
|
If you discovered a bacterial cell that contained no restriction enzymes, which of the following would you expect to happen?
|
the cell would be easily infected and lysed by baceriophages
|
|
Which enzyme was used to produce the molecule in Fig 20.1?
|
a restriction enzyme
|
|
What is the genetic function of restriction enzyme?
|
cleaves nucleic acid at specific sites
|
|
How does a bacterial cell protect its own DNA from restriction enzymes?
|
by adding methyl groups to adenines and cytosines
|
|
WHat two enzymes are needed to produce recombinant DNA?
|
restriction enzyme, ligase
|
|
From the list above, which of the following is the most logical sequence of steps for splicing foreign DNA into a plasmid and inserting the plasmid into a bacterium?
|
3, 2, 4, 5, 1
|
|
Bacteria containing recombinant plasmids are often identified by which process?
|
exposing the bacteria to an antibiotic that kills the cells lacking the plasmid
|
|
All of the following statements about probes are true except?
|
they must be produced with the same restriction enzyme as the fragments
|
|
Andy WIll has cloned a gene that he belives is important in conferring resistance to insects in a certain plant. He now wants to determine where in the genome that gene is physically located. He would most likely use which technique?
|
in situ hybridization
|
|
A gene that contains introns can be made shorter (but remain functional) for genetic engineering purposes by
|
using reverse transcriptase to reconstruct the gene from its mRNA
|
|
Specific DNA fragments of a genomic library are contained in
|
A and B (recombinant plasmids of bacteria and recombinant viral DNA)
|
|
THe polymerase chain reaction is important because it allows us to
|
make many copies of a targeted segment of DNA
|
|
Restriction fragments of DNA are separated from one another by which process?
|
gel electrophoresis
|
|
The Southern BLotting procedure enables the detection and analysis of DNA sequences. THis means that
|
all of the above are possible using the southern blotting procedure
|
|
Why do the heads of phospholipids point out and the tails point to each other?
|
b and c (the tails are repelled by the aqueous environment and the heads are attracted to the water inside and outside)
|
|
Ultimately, all membranes come from
|
ER and golgi
|
|
Which of the following accounts for the fluid aspect of the fluid mosaic model of plasma membranes?
|
the individual phospholipid molecules are not bonded to each other so movement of certain proteins and lipis is possible within the bilayer
|
|
Organisms adapted to extreme cold would probably have more ___ in their membranes
|
polyunsaturated fat
|
|
recognition proteins are most important for
|
distinguishing foreign cells from "self" cells
|
|
In general, which of the following is largely responsible for moving substances across the plasma membrane, communication with other cells and identifying the cell?
|
proteins
|
|
Which of the following may influence the rate of simple diffusion across a differentially permeable membrane?
|
A and C (differentially permeable membrane and lipid solubility of the molecule)
|
|
How does glucose generally enter the cell?
|
facilitated diffusion
|
|
Molecules assisted by carrier proteins may bross a differentially permeable membrane by
|
facilitated diffusion
|
|
The diffucion of water molecules across a differntially permeable membrane is termed
|
osmosis
|
|
A certain cell, such as a nueron, has a high concentration of K+ ions. How can K+ ions continue to enter the cell?
|
active transport
|
|
Inside a "cell" you construct, you place a 1 M salt solution. You place the cell in a 1 M sugar solution. What happens?
|
water leaves and enters at the same rate
|
|
What is active transport?
|
movement of molecules into or out of a cell against a concentration gradient
|
|
Plasma membrane proteins are manufactured at the ___ and carbohydrate chains added to the membrane by ___
|
ribosomes, golgi complexes
|
|
What prevents your immune system from attacking your own cells?
|
recognition proteins
|
|
Transport processes (for example, diffusion and active transport) occur across what membrane?
|
all of these
|
|
Where does the first step in the breakdown of food (hydrolysis) occur?
|
Outside of the cell or in lysosomes
|
|
How are sugar and fatty acids stored?
|
Sugars are stored as glycogens and fatty acids are stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue
|
|
What is the most important fuel molecule and what is the most important storage molecule?
|
fuel-sugar
storage-fatty acid |
|
Where does glycolysis occur?
|
in the cytosol
|
|
How do yeast get energy?
|
alcholic fermentation making ethanol
|
|
Where does the Kreb's cycle take place?
|
eukaryotes-mitochondria
prokaryotes-cytosol |
|
What are some redox pairs?
|
NADH,H and FADH2
|
|
What can mitochondria use as fuel?
|
pyruvate or fatty acids
|
|
What is mitochondria similar to?
|
similar in size and shape to bacteria, reproduce like bacteria
|
|
What kind of pathway does ATP Synthase provide?
|
hydrophilic pathways (reversible)
|
|
Where did chemiosmotic coupling first evolve?
|
bacteria
|
|
What does the electron transport chain start with?
|
a hydride removal from NADH
|
|
How does the electron transport chain progress?
|
to increasing redox potential
|
|
Where does the electron transport chain get its electrons?
|
aerobic-NADH,H and FADH2
photosynthsis-light bacteria-inorganic substances |
|
How does NADH get to ubiquinone?
|
by a flavin group and iron-sulfur centers
|
|
How is ubiquinone recycled?
|
in the Q-cycle
|
|
What does the cytochrome a-oxidase complex do?
|
it reduces O2 and holds it in place
|
|
What is the central reaction of photosynthesis?
|
carbon fixation
|
|
How are the 2 steps of photosynthesis connected?
|
feedback mechanisms
|
|
What sugar does photosynthesis usually make?
|
sucrose
|
|
What is the chloroplast not permeable to?
|
ATP and NADH
|
|
What structure does chlorophyll have?
|
alternating single and double bonds
|
|
What do photosystems I and II make?
|
I-NADPH
II-ATP |
|
What else does photosystem II do?
|
splits water to replace electrons
|
|
Where are fat and starch stored in a plant cell?
|
the stroma
|
|
What does the carbon fixation cycle begin and end with?
|
ribulose 1,5-biphosphate
|
|
What is the most prominent organelle?
|
nucleus
|
|
What evolutionary step allowed for bigger cells?
|
internal membranes
|
|
What is another function of chaperone proteins?
|
quality control of proteins by binding to bad ones keeping them in the ER
|
|
What does the peroxisome do?
|
breaks down lipids and toxins
|
|
What kind of transport takes place in the nuclear pores?
|
both free and active (powered by GTP)
|
|
Where is the signal sequence on a protein?
|
the N-terminus
|
|
Proteins going to the nucleus have what type of signal?
|
nuclear localization siganl made of positively charged lysines and arginines
|
|
What property of the signal sequence is very important?
|
its physical properties
|
|
What happens if a protein has no signal sequence?
|
it stays in the cytosol
|
|
What does a stop transfer sequence do?
|
it anchors a protein into the membrane
|
|
How long is a signal sequence?
|
15-60 amino acids
|
|
What happens when a signal sequence binds to a signal recognition particle?
|
the ribosome slows down
|
|
What are signal recognition particles and SRP receptors?
|
molecular matchmakers
|
|
What happens to many proteins in the lumen?
|
they get glycosylated or disulfide bonds are added
|
|
What helps buding during vesicular distribution?
|
dynamin
|
|
What removes a signal sequence?
|
signal peptidase
|
|
What is not removed off of a protein?
|
start transfer sequence
|
|
What do V-snares and T-snares have a central role in?
|
fusion (how tuberculosis works)
|
|
What helps with Clathrin coat?
|
adaptins
|
|
What does the golgi use for sorting and packaging?
|
transport vesicles with distincive protein coats
|
|
What is the default pathway for secretion?
|
constitutive secretion
|
|
Where can regulated secretion occur?
|
only in cells specialzed for secretion
|
|
What transports molecules around the golgi and from the ER to the golgi?
|
COP coated vesicles
|
|
What is the golgi made up of?
|
cisternae
|
|
What is there a correlation between in the golgi?
|
the position of the enzyme in the processing chain of events and its place on the golgi stack
|
|
What allows secretory proteins to be packed into vesicles at high concentrations?
|
selective aggregation
|
|
What does the cis golgi side tag enzymes with?
|
mannose-6-phosphate
|
|
What is the most short range type of signalling?
|
contact dependent
|
|
What does the endocrine system send its through?
|
bloodstream or sap
|
|
Which type of siganlling is long distance and specific?
|
neuronal
|
|
What causes the release of a neurotransmitter?
|
a chemical, physical, or electrical pulse
|
|
What is NO?
|
a intracellular local mediator is made from arginine and stimulates the formation of cGTP
|
|
What do integrating proteins do?
|
convert several signals to a single message
|
|
What can extracellular receptors be mediated by?
|
Ca2+ binding proteins (ex. calmodulin that makes CAM kinases)
|
|
What is the simplest type of extracellular receptor?
|
ion channel linked
|
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Where is ion channel linked found?
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in the nervous system
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What has the largest family of receptors?
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G protein linked
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What type of protein are G protein linked?
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7-pass transmembrane receptor proteins
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What type of recpetor is rhodopsin?
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G protein linked
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What does enzyme linked receptors release?
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small molecules into the cytosol
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Which receptor can act at low concentrations?
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enzyme linked
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What do the 2 recpetors in enzyme linked do to eachother?
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phosphorylate
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What type of receptor is serine/threonine kinase?
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enzyme linked
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Where is GTPase?
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on the alpha subunit of the G protein
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What happens as a signal is bound to the beta and gamma subunits longer?
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the response increases
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What are the target proteins for G proteins?
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ion channel or membrane bound enzyme
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What makes cAMP?
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adenylyl cyclase (converted back by phosophodiesterase)
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What does cAMP activate?
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cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA)
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What does phospholipase C do?
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cleaves inositol phospholipid into IP3 and DAG (DAG and CA2+ activate protein kinase C)
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What id intracellular signalling capable of, and what does it behave as?
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capable of regulating gene trascription and it behaves as a molecular switch
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Phosphorylation (intracellular signalling type) is activated and deactivated by what?
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activated by kinase and dectivated by phosphatase
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How did cell to cell signalling evolve in plants and animals?
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independently
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What ripens?
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ethylene
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What do cytokine receptors do?
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activate different STATs
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What does tyrosine kinase activate?
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Ras (in cancer)
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What is the most durable part of the cytoskeleton?
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intermediete filament
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What stabilizes the intermediete filament?
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accessory proteins like plectin
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What keeps the ER and golgi in the right place?
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microtubules
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Which parts are polar?
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microtubules and microfilaments
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What antimitotic drug prevents the polymerization of tubulin and thus stops mitosis?
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colchicin
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What drugs are used in cancer treatments?
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antimititic
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How are cilia and flagella moved and what is their structure?
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moved by dynein and theyre in a 9+2 array
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How are the alpha and beta pieces of microtubules put together?
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noncovalent bonds
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What is the cause of the dynamic instability?
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its intrinsic capability to hydrolyze GTP
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How can microfilaments grow?
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at either end, but faster on the + end
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How are microfilaments disassembled?
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nucleotide hydrolysis
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What does the function of actin depend on?
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the ratio of filaments to monomers
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What regulates actin polymerization?
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thymosin and profilin
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What helps rearrange the actin cytoskeleton?
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Pho protein family
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On tubulin molecules which is the + and the - end?
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+ is beta and - is alpha
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What happens when tubulin molecules add too fast?
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a GTP cap is made
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Where does tubulin growth start from?
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at the y tubulin or nucleation site
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What family do actin dependent motor proteins belong to?
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myosin family
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What is dynein related to and which way does it move? Kinesin?
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dynein-golgi, to - end
kinesin-ER, to + end |
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What type of myosin is muscle related?
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myosin II (with 2 ATPase heads)
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How can Ca2+ be released?
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If an electrical excitation goes through the tranverse tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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What does cell crawling depend on?
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actin
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How are the actin and myosin filaments arranged in the sarcomere?
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myosin is centrally placed and acin extends inward
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Where are the sarcomeres?
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in the myofibril
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How do the lamelilipodia and filapodia stick to a surface?
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integrins
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