Cell And Cell Structure

Front 1

What consists of the non-membranous part of the cell?

Back 1

Cytoskeleton, Microvilli, Centrioles, Cilia, Flagella, Ribosomes

Front 2

What consists of the membranous part of the cell?

Back 2

Mitochondria, Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Vesicles

Front 3

What are the functions of a protein?

Back 3

1. As cell markers for recognition by
the immune system
2. As receptors (e.g for hormones)
3. As catalysts
4. Transportation

Front 4

What type of proteins are found in the plasma membrane?

Back 4

1. Integral proteins (maintain selective
transport)
2. Peripheral proteins (catalyst and
mechanical function)

Front 5

The plasma membrane also contains a myraid of biological compounds such as __________, ___________, and ____________that extend ___________of the plasma membrane.

Back 5

glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans ( all referred to as glycocalyx); outward

Front 6

The cytoplasm is the material found _______ the cell and is divided into _____ subdivisions: ________ and ___________.

Back 6

inside; two; cytosol; organellels

Front 7

What is cytosol?

Back 7

Intracellular fluid

Front 8

Cytosol contain dissolved ________, ______, ________ and ________.

Back 8

nutrients; ions; soluble; insoluble

Front 9

What are organelles?

Back 9

Structures that perform specific functions within the cell and are classified as membranous and non-membranous.

Front 10

Mitochondria

Back 10

Rod-like, double membrane, inner membrane folded into projections called cristae; Site of ATP synthesis

Front 11

Ribosomes

Back 11

Dense particles consisting of two subunits, each composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins; can be free or it can be attached to ER; site of protein synthesis

Front 12

E.R. (rough)

Back 12

Coiling membrane system with ribosomes attached; proteins synthesized are packaged into vesicles for transport to the golgi apparatus

Front 13

E.R. (smooth)

Back 13

Coiling membrane system lacking ribosomes; synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates

Front 14

Golgi Apparatus

Back 14

Stack of smooth membrane sacs adjacent to the nucleus; modifies synthesized proteins, then packages the proteins (e.g. lysosomes & peroxisomes) in vesicles for transport around/out of cell

Front 15

Lysosomes

Back 15

Membranous sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes used in cell digestion

Front 16

Peroxisomes

Back 16

Membranous sacs containing oxidative enzymes (e.g. peroxidase) that degrade toxic compounds such as hydrogen peroxide

Front 17

Vesicles

Back 17

Membrane bound sac that transports cellular material

Front 18

Microfilaments

Back 18

Filaments containing the contractile protein actin; part of the cytoskeleton and functions in intracellular movement

Front 19

Intermediate filaments

Back 19

Protein fibers that provides strength, stabilize the position of organelles, and transport materials within the cytoplasm

Front 20

Microtubules

Back 20

Hollow tubes composed of the globular protein tubulin; microtubules provide strength and rigidity and anchoring major organelles

Front 21

Thick filaments

Back 21

Large and long strands of myosin protein found in muscle cells that interact with thin actin filaments to produce muscle contraction

Front 22

Centrioles

Back 22

Cylindrical structure composed of nine triplets of microtubules; centrioles direct the movement of DNA during cell division as well as form the bases of cilia and flagella

Front 23

Microvilli

Back 23

Small, finger-shaped projections of the cell membrane that actively absorb fluid and nutrients

Front 24

Cilia

Back 24

Cell surface projections composed of microtubules; cilia move to propel substance across the cell surface

Front 25

Flagella

Back 25

Larger and longer cilia that provides cellular locomotion (e.g. human sperm)

Front 26

Nucleus

Back 26

Structure housing genetic information and is surrounded by a membrane (nuclear envelope)

Front 27

Transportation of materials across the cell membrane is _______________________.

Back 27

is determined by the components in the membrane that impart permeability.

Front 28

Most cells have __________, free passage of ___________ and ________ the __________.

Back 28

selective permeability; some materials; restricts the passage of others

Front 29

Permeability can be based on what components?

Back 29

Permeability may be based on size, electrical charge, molecular shape, solubility.

Front 30

Passage across the membrane is classified as what ?

Back 30

Active (requires energy) and
Passive (doesn't require energy)

Front 31

What are the passive membrane transport processes?

Back 31

1. Diffusion - net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
2.Osmosis- diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
3.Facilitated diffusion - diffusion of a substance with the aid of a membrane carrier
4. Filtration - movement of water and solutes through a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher hydrostatic pressure to a region of lower hydrostatic pressure

Front 32

What are the active membrane transport processes?

Back 32

1. Active transport - movement of a substance (with the aid of a membrane carrier) through a membrane against its concentration gradient
2. Exocytosis - substances enclosed in a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, the vesicle then ruptures, releasing the substances outside the cell
3. Endocytosis

Front 33

What are the three types of endocytosis?

Back 33

1. Phagocytosis - the cell membrane extends outward and encloses large particles which are then transported into the cell
2. Pinocytosis - particles attach to the cell membranes which collapses, causing particles to be taken into the cell
3. Receptor-mediated - pinocytotic movement initiated by protein receptors on the plasma membrane

Front 34

What are the three types of movement that a particle may be?

Back 34

1. Symport - movement of two or more different kinds of material in the same direction across the cell membrane
2. Uniport - movement of one type of material in one direction across the cell membrane
3. Antiport - moving two types of material across the cell membrane in opposite directions

Front 35

How are multicellular organisms developed?

Back 35

Multicellular organisms develop from a zygote.

Front 36

The cell cycle is divided into two major stages. What are they

Back 36

Mitosis and Interphase

Front 37

How is a zygote formed?

Back 37

formed by the fusion of a sperm and an egg (gametes)

Front 38

If a gamete has half a half of chromosomes, what is this called?

Back 38

A haploid number

Front 39

Each gamete has half a half compliment of chromosomes (haploid number) and when combined this is called a what?

Back 39

A complete set or diploid number of chromosomes.

Front 40

In order for the zygote to develop into a multicellular organism, it must repeatedly undergo ________ ___________.

Back 40

Cellular divisions

Front 41

The series of events a cell (or zygote) undergoes that ultimately produces a new cell is called ?

Back 41

The cell cycle

Front 42

Interphase is divided into three phases, name them and describe what happens?

Back 42

S phase- DNA is duplicated in order to provide a full compliment for the new cell, called a daughter cell.
The G phases (G1 and G2) are periods of growth and differentiation of a cell.

Front 43

The cell spends ____ of its time in interphase.

Back 43

90%

Front 44

Mitosis is divided into four phases, name them.

Back 44

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

Front 45

What happens during prophase?

Back 45

During prophase, chromosomes (consisting of DNA and proteins) become distinguishable in the nucleus.

Front 46

What happens during early prophase?

Back 46

In early prophase, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and the chromosomes condense and become distributed throughout the cytoplasm.

Front 47

What happens during late prophase?

Back 47

By late prophase the chromosomes are drawn toward the middle of the cell.

Front 48

What happens during metaphase?

Back 48

In metaphase, sister chromatids become arranged toward the center of the cell (equatorial plate) in a plane at right angles to the long axis of the spindle.

Front 49

What happens during telophase?

Back 49

The pair of chromosomes that comprise the chromatid are separated and transported to the polar (opposite) ends of the cell. Telophase will begin. During this stage in plant cells a cell plate will form and divide the original cell into two daughter cells. In animal cells, the cytoplasm pinches inward forming the cleavage furrow. Towards the end of telophase, in both plant and animal cells, the nuclei begin to reorganize, chromosomes uncoil, and the nuclear membrane reforms.

Front 50

What happens in uncontrolled mitosis?

Back 50

Cells divide uncontrollably and develop into cancer.

Front 51

What does Ribonucleic acid (RNA) do?

Back 51

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) links DNA's genetic instructions for making proteins to the process of protein synthesis

Front 52

When RNA copies or transscribes the message from DNA and then translates that message into a_________?

Back 52

Protein

Front 53

RNA structure differs from DNA in the following ways:

Back 53

The five carbon sugar in RNA nucleotides is ribose rather than deoxyribose

The nitrogenous base uracil is found in place of thymine

Front 54

The linear sequence of nucleotides in DNA ultimately determines_____?

Back 54

the linear sequence of amino acids in a protein.

Front 55

Nucleic acids are made of how many types of nucleotides?

Back 55

Four which differ in their nitrogenous bases

Front 56

In Protein Synthesis the linear sequence is hundreds or thousands of nucleotides long and each gene has a _____?

Back 56

a specific linear sequence of the four possible bases.

Front 57

Proteins are made of how many tpes of amino acids?

Back 57

Twenty types and they are link in a particular sequence(the protein's primary structure)

Front 58

Information flows from gene to protein through two major processes called?

Back 58

Transcription and translation.

Front 59

Transcription is?

Back 59

The synthesis of RNA using DNA as a template.

Front 60

In transcription, a gene's unique nucleotide sequence is transcribed from DNA to a ?

Back 60

Complimentary nucleotide sequence in messenger RNA (mRNA).

Front 61

In transcription, the resulting mRNA carries this transcript of protein-building instructions to ________?

Back 61

the cell's protein-synthesizing machinery.

Front 62

What is Translation?

Back 62

Synthesis of a polypeptide, which occurs under the direction of messenger RNA (mRNA)

Front 63

During the process of translation, the linear sequence of bases in mRNA is translated into _____?

Back 63

the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.

Front 64

Where does Translation occur?

Back 64

Translation occurs on ribosomes.

Front 65

What are ribosomes?

Back 65

Complex particles composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein that facilitate the orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains.

Front 66

In Translation, signals in the RNA do what?

Back 66

Start and stop translation.

Front 67

What happens during anaphase?

Back 67

Anaphase begins when the centromere of each chromatid pair splits and the chromatids separate. The chromatids are now pulled along the spindle fibers toward opposite sided of the dividing cells?