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210 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what kind of epi do the cheeks and lips have?
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They have stratified epithelium and can have keratin if its an area that gets abrasions
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What kind of epi does the hard palate have?
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Stratified squamous epithelium
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What do the following cells do:
1. ameloblast cells 2.odontoblast 3. cementoblasts |
1. Produce enamel which is 95% calcium.
2. Make dentin, 70% calcium 3. Make cententum, which is like the bone. |
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Can you regenerate enamel? If yes/no why?
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No you cant, ameloblast cells, which make enamel, die off from lack of nutrients. So you cant regenerate it
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What kind of epi does the tongue have?
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On the dorsal side its stratified squamous keratinized. On the ventral side its stratified squamous
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Which papillae have the following:
1. Taste buds 2. give place for salvia and food to settle so taste buds have access to it 3. Sensory nerve associated with ti |
1. Fungiform
2. Vallate 3. Filiform |
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What renews taste buds?
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Basal cells, they are the stem cells of the taste bud
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What kind of nerve fiber do taste buds have?
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AFFERENT nerve fiber, either from chorda tympani or glossopharyngea;
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In the digestive tract, what makes up the mucosa?
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Epi --> lamina propria --> muscularis mucosae
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Where in the digestive tract would we find the dense irregular CT?
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Submucosa
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Whats the difference between serosa and adventitia?
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Adventitia is the CT and is any organ that goes behind the peritoneum. While the serosa is CT surrounded by simple squamous epi, or any organ that is surrounded by peritoneum
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How does the peritoneum influence pain?
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Peritoneum covered organs feel a dull pain vs. a nonperitoneum covered area which will feel a very exact pain and is typically described as sharp
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In the digestive tract what innervates smooth muscle? Specifically the submucosa and muscularis externa
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It is done by parasympathetic nerves. The meissner's plexus innervates submucosa while auerbach's plexus innervates muscularis externa
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Are nerve cell bodies pre or post - ganglionic in the digestive tract.
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Post ganglionic
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What are the layers in the esophagus?
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Lamina propria --> muscularis mucosa --> submucoa-mucus glands --> muscularis externa=skeletal to smooth --> aventitia/serosa
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Does the esophagus have serosa or adventitia around it?
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In the thoracic area of esophagus adventitia, once it pierces diaphragm is it surrounded by serosa
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Whats the difference between an endocrine and an exocrine gland?
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Endocrine glands secrete products (hormones) into the blood stream while exocrine glands secretions are released externally through ducts
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What kind of epi does the stomach have?
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Simple columnar with gastric pits and glands
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Where in the stomach can we find mucus secreting cells?
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In the gastric pit, the mucus secreting glands protect the glandular cells from stomach acidtiy and thus get turned over pretty quickly
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What do chief cells do?
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They are protein producing cells, and secrete into the lumen of tubular glands. They produce pepsinogen (which is inactive)
-- dark staining |
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What do parietal cells do?
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they secrete gastrin and intrinsic factor
-have histamine receptors |
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What are parietal the "most" of in the body?
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they are the highest E consuming cells in the body
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Why do we need intrinsic factor?
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It is vital for the absorption for vitamin B12 which is needed for normal RBC production
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Where do we find enterochromaffin-like cells? What do they do?
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In the lamina propria, they are actually endocrine cells and they secrete histamine
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Where do you find enteroendocrine cells? what do they do?
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They are within the actual epi. They regulate water & electrolyte metabolism and enzyme secretion.
-- regulate gastrointestinal motility --make gastrin --stimulate release of other peptide hormones |
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Whats the concern with enteroendocrine cells?
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they can become tumorgenic, they can make carcinoids. They can constrict blood vessels and kill off the stomach walls
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Where are the undifferentiated cells found?
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Found in the lining of the gland in the stomach
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What is the opening of the stomach called? the distal end?
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Opening = cardia
distal end = pylorus |
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Describe the fundus of the stomach?
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this area is to the left of the opening of the stomach. It is the most superior part and contains a lot of parietal and chief cells. It has shorter pits and longer glands.
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Describe the pylorus areas pits and glands?
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Have longer pits and shorter glands
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What kind of muscle is in the stomach?
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There are 3 layers of smooth muscle, outer longitudinal, middle circular, inner oblique
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What is the stomach surrounded by?
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Serosa
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What kind of epi does the small intestine have?
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Simple columnar with striated border and goblet cells
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In the small intestine's lamna propria what will you find?
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Will see lymph nodules, specifically peyer's patches in the ileum
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Where do you find brunner's glands? what do they do?
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In the duodenum. They secrete sodium bicarbonate.
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Where is the most common place to get an duodenum?
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duodenum
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What are the crypts of lieberkuhn?
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in mucosa we have villi which are finger like projections and at the villi have invaginations which are these glands
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What cells are intestinal epi cells?
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-absorbitive/enterocytes
-goblet cells -paneth cells -enteroendocrine cells -M cells |
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What do Paneth cells do?
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they are columnar epi and are a part of the immune system and they sit in the crypt of lieberkuhn.
-they produce cytokine -they are a lysozyme -secrete defensins |
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What are defensins? where do they come from?
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they are secreted from paneth cells in the GI tract. They create pores in walls of bacteria so water can rush in and cause the cell to burst
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What do enteroendocrine cells in the GI tract do?
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They secrete gastrin, motilin, secretin, cholescystokinin
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What does Motilin do?
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It helps to stomulate smooth muscle to move along the food
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What do the villi of the intestine contain?
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They contain Lacteals. It can look like a capillary. Lymph must pass thru at least one nodule before being returned to the system
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What are the regional differences between duodenum and ileum?
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--Duodenum has mucus glands
--Ileum has no brunner's glands --Most of ileum has no peyer's patches, its mainly found in the distal part |
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What is the distinguishing feature of the jejunum?
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The plica are large
--except in celiac sprue they disappear |
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What are 2 differences between the colon and the small intestine?
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There's no villi in the colon and there are more and more goblet cells
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What epi does the large intestine have?
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Simple columnar with striated border and goblet cells
-- tubular glands crpyts of lieberkuhn |
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In the large intestine, the lamina propria contains what?
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Lymphatic nodules
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In the large intestine, the muscularis externa contains what?
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Taeniae coli -- its a long outer smooth muscle band
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What type of glands are the circoanal glands in the recto-anal junction?
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Apocrine
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Whats the difference btwn a serous gland and a mucous one?
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Serous = has more water
Mucous = has less water & is more viscous |
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What is the composition of saliva?
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Amylase, lingual lipase, lysozyme, lactoferrin, IgA, inorganic components like Na, K
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What does the following describe: 100% serous secreting alveoli, numerous intercalated and striated ducts?
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Parotid glands
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What does the following describe: mostly serous mixed gland with serous demilunes?
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Submandibular gland
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What does the following describe: Mostly mucous but it is a mixed gland. Has serous demilunes and intralobular ducts?
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Sublingal gland
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What is the function of the pancreas?
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it neutralizes the acid from the stomach to allow the enzymes in this area to work
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True or False the pancreas is a mixed gland
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FALSE its is 100% serous in secretion
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Does the pancreas have striated ducts?
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No it only has intercalated ducts
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At the rectal-anal junction what is the difference btwn the 2 epithelium?
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Rectal = simple colomunar with striated border and goblet cells
Anal = stratified squamous epi |
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Give an example of a "simple" gland
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glands in digestive system -- gastric glands, krypts of lieberkuhn
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What type of gland is this: cell lyses and whole cellular content is released into hair follicle?
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Holocrine
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What is the difference btwn an intrAlobular and an intErlobular duct?
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An intrAlobular duct is where the product released from the gland goes to that is within a lobule.
An intErlobular duct is found inbtwn lobules but within the same lobe *if it was inbetween lobes it would be an interlobar duct |
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What is the order of ducts in glands?
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Intralubular duct --> intercalated duct --> striated duct --> interlobular duct -->interlobar duct --> main excretory duct
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What characterizes a striated duct?
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1. eosinophilic
2. apical nuclei 3. has basal striations (inflodings of the mmbrn at the basal surface) 4. lots of mitochondria 5.expend E for the transport of ions --> water down secretions |
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What is a serous demilune?
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Mucous alveolus with cresent-shaped cluster of serous cells associated with ti
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What is the function of cholecystokinin?
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It is a protein secreted by enteroendocrine cells in the GI tract, its job is to stimulare muscles in the gallbladder to contract and release bile
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How do pancreatic cells respond when cholecystokinin is released?
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They release the proteolytic enzymes
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What is the job of secretin?
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It stimulates intercalated duct cells to release bicarbonate ions
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Where can you find islets of langerhan?
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Pancreas
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What are the functions of the following cells?
Alpha Beta D G F cell |
Alpha = make glucagon
Beta = insulin producing D =produces somatostatin, feedback on alpha & beta to decrease their secretions G = regulates gastrin secretion F = pancreatic polypeptide |
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How does the small intesetine monitor the acidity of the stomach?
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By monitoring the pancreas
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True or false the pancreas is 100% serous alveolus in secretions?
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TRUE
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What are biles functions?
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1. excrete Cholesterol, phospholipids, bile salts, conjugated bilirubin and electrolytes
2. fat absorption 3. excretion of processed drugs/heavy metals 4. transport of IgA |
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What kind of epi does the gallbladder have?
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Simple columnar with microvilli
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what are the rokitansky-aschoff sinuses?
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They are numerous folds in the mucosa of the gallbladder
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Describe the gallbladders (layers etc)
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--Lamina propria is cellular, not much collagen
--No muscularis mucosa --No Submucosa (no CT) --Thin muscularis externa but its discontinous --extensive serosa |
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What are the livers functions? There are 7 of them
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1. maintain blood glucose levels - make/store/breakdown of glycogen
2. metabolism & transport of fat 3.detox of drugs 4.taking up & excreting bilirubin 5.formation of bile 6. storage of vit. A 7. protein synthesis |
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Describe the shape and the surfaces of a hepatocyte cell
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There are 3 functional surfaces. First the sinusoidal surface which has microvilli and is the site of transfer. The next surface is the canalicular surface which has a tiny bile draining tube. Last is the intercellular surface which is used for the communication of specific functions
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Where can you find the following:
Sinusoidal surface, canalicular surface, intercelluar surface? |
Sinusoidal = against endothelial cell --forms a discont. capillary
canulicular =btwn adjacent hepatocytes intercellular =btwn hepatocytes? |
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Describe the physical characteristics of a hepatocyte?
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--Two polyploidy nucleus centrally located
--lots of SER |
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What are the functions of a hepatocyte?
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1. synthesis of cholesterol
2.conjugation of bilirubin, steroids, and drugs 3.breakdown of glycogen --> glucose 4.esterification of free fatty acids 5. removal of iodine from thyroid hormones --> recycles it 6.detox of lipid soluble drugs |
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What do the liver cells Hepatic stellate cells do?
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They contain/store fat and they store & metabolize Vit. A
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What does a portal area contain?
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Branch of hepatic artery, branch of portal vein, bile duct
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what does the central vein of the liver drain into?
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the sublobular veins
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Whats unique about the sinusoid in the liver?
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Portal vein blood and hepatic artery blood come together in the same sinusoid and flow towards the central vein
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The liver can be broken up into how many zones?
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Zone 1 - hepatocytes that see the most toxic material
zone 2 Zone 3 - see the least amt. of oxygenated blood |
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What are typical characteristics of endocrine glands?
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They are ductless, they have a lot of blood vessels, they produce and store hormones
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Is a lot of hormone needed to produce an effect?
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No
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What are the types of secretion? Define them
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1. Autocrine - cell will have a receptor for the poduct it produces -- i.e. it "self signals"
2. Juxtacrine - cell will have a receptor for a factor on the cell next to it 3. Paracrine - factor will be secreted into the ECM and interact with receptors of cells in the area |
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What does the hypophysis develop from?
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Floor of the diencephalon --> infundibulum & neurohypophysis
Rathke's pouch --> becomes the adenohypophysis |
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What are the 3 components of the adenohypophysis?
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Pars tuberalis --> wraps around the infundibulum
Pars Distalis --> makes up majority of the ant. pit Pars intermedia --> puch btwn pars distalis and pars nervosa |
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What kind of "Action" does the neurohypophysis have?
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It's a one stage action. Axons from the neurons, mainly SON and PVN, they release peptide hormones into surrounding capillaries
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What kind of "action:" does the adenohypophysis have?
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Its a 2 stage action. Neurons from the hypothalamus secrete hormones into the capillaries of the medial eminence (Dorsal / ventral medial nuclei, infundibular nuclei) and then are transported to the ant. pit to either stimular or inhit release of hormones
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In the hypophyseal portal system, derived from the internal carotid artery, what does the superior hypophyseal arteries supply? the inferior?
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The superior hypophyseal arteries are a cap. bed that irrigates the pit stalk and median eminence. They only supply the ant pit so this is a short portal system w/ch allows for tight control.
The Infereior supplies the neurohypophysis and the pit stalk. Its a 2ndry cap. plexus |
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What are chromophobes?
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The are cells in the ant pit that DONT stain and have secretory granules. They think they are stem cells
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What are chromophils?
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They are cells in the ant. pit that do take up stain, either basophils (blue) or acidophils (red)
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What secretes FSH and LH?
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Gonadotrophs
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What do thyrotrophs do?
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They secrete thyrotropin which stimulates thyroid hormone synthesis and storage
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What do corticotrophs do?
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They secrete corticotropin which stimulates the adrenal cortex hormones
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What secretes melanocyte-stimulated hormone?
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Melanotrophs
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What stimulates growth hormone?
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Somatotrophs
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What secretes prolactin?
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Mammotrophs
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How is the adenohypophysis controlled?
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Primary control - neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus via the median eminence
2ndry control - direct effect of endocrine hormones or neurosecretory cells tertiary control - indirect effect of neurons or hormones |
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What is the neurohypophysis contain? what is it made up of?
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It is made up of the pars nervosa and neural stalk, which are about 100k unmyelinated axons of SON and PVN. It consists of herring bodies and pituicytes
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Wwhat are herring bodies?
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They are in the post pit and are neurosecretory granules surrounded by a mmbrn. Neuronal impulses cause the release of hormones into fenestrated caps and gen. circulation
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What are pituicytes?
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They are in the post ant and are highly branched glial cells. Make up 25% of the volume
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What does ADH do?
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1. increase permeability of the collecting tubules to h2o
2. {} urine & helps body retain water originates in the SON |
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What does oxytocin do?
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Its the milk ejection reflex. It is stimulated by nursing, distention of the vagina or uterine cervix. It also stimulates prolactin release from ant pit
originates in the PVN |
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pWhat are the 3 layers in the cortex of the adrenal glands?
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Zona glomerulosa, fascicualta, reticularis
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Where are spongyocytes contained?
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In the zona fascicualta
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What do the 3 zones in the cortex of the adrenal glands produce/secrete?
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1. glo -- mineralocorticoids are produced
2. fas -- produce glucocorticoid 3. ret -- secrete androgens |
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What's hormones function is carb metabolism, and supression of immune response?
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Glucocorticoids
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What hormone does the following:
1. effects minerals in body 2. regulates blood press/volume 3. acts mainly on distal renal tubules, gastric mucosa, colon, salivary glands and sweat glands 4. stimulates reabsorption of Na |
Mineralocorticoids -- aldosterone
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What does the following:
1. can be converted to testosterone 2. plays a role in immunity and stress response |
Androgens -- DHEA
*only sex steroid secreted by the adrenal cortex |
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What controls the adrenal cortex?
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Corticotropin horm released by the hypothalamus --> release of ACTH from ant pit --> both horms are regulated by {glucocorticoid} via neg. feedback inhibition
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What are chromaffin cells?
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They are in the medulla of the adrenal cortex and release epi and norepi.
Polyhedral cells arranged in cords/clumps in the medulla of adrenal glands. They are supported by a reticular fiber network and a profuse cap bed w/ few parasymp ganglia |
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What is the medulla arise from?
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neural crest cells
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Whats the diff. btwn the cells that secrete epi and norepi?
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Epi is scereted by smaller cells w/ less secretory ganules while norepi is done by larger cells w/ more secretory ganules. They are both controlled by the release of glucocorticoids of the cortex
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What are the islets of langerhans? where are they, what controls them, cell types?
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They are mainly found in tail of pancreas.Controlled by sympathetic fibers. They are a cluster of cells - A,B,D,F
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What are the cells in the islets of langerhans? and what do they do?
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A - are acidophilic & make glucagon
B - are basophilic & make insulin D - produce somatastatin F - produce pancreatic polypeptide |
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What are the functions of T3 and T4?
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1. growth
2. cell differentiation 3. control of o2 consumption 4. basal metabolic rate 5. metabolism of lipids, proteins & carbs |
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How do you store T3 & T4?
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It only occurs in the extracellular colloid, for 3 months. Colloid is made of thyroglobulin. It is the only endocrine organ that stores the horm it produces
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Describe thyroid cells
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1. responsible for everything thyroid hormone
2. rest on a basal lamina which is rich in RER & receptors for TSH 3. Have distinct golgi and a mod amt of microvilli 4. tons of lysosomes and phagosomes |
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What do parafolicular cells aka C cells do?
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They are large cells w/ lil RER & light staining. They release calcitonin
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what does calcitonin do?
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Lowers blood calcium by inhibiting bone resorption and secretion triggered by elevated blood Ca
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What does the following to TSH?
1. stimulate 2. decrease 3. inhibit |
1. cold
2. heat & stress 3. thyroid hormones |
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How do you synthesize and accumulate thyroid hormones? (steps)
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Make thyroglobulin --> release into follicule --> uptake circulating iodide --> oxidate iodide --> iodination of thyroglobulin in colliod --> liberate T3&T4
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Whats the difference btwn T3& T4?
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T4 makes up 90% of circulation thyroid hormone but T3 is more potent and acts more rapidly
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What are the cells types in the parathyroid?
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Chief cells and oxyphil cells
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What do chief cells from the parathyroid do?
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They are pale staining, w/ irregular granules and are parathyroid hormone secreting cells
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What do oxyphil cells do?
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They are large polygonal cells with acidophilic mitochondria. Dont know what they do
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What does PTH do in relation to blood calcium {}? how?
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It targets osteoblast --> promotes osteoblast expression of RANKL and inhibits OPG. This promotes bone resorption and releases Ca into bloodI
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What does PTH increase in the body? Decrease?
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Increase:
1. absorption of Ca in GI tract 2. Vit D activation (activated by Vit D in GI) 3. Phosphate excretion by kidney Decrease 1. absorption of phosphate in kidney |
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What does calcitonin do in relation to the PTH?
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It works in opposition of PTH by decreasing blood Ca {}
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What stops the release of releasing hormones? What stopes the release of stimulating hormones?
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Hypothalamus stops releasing hormones while the pit gland stops stimulating hormones
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What does TBG do?
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It transports thyroid hromone thru circulation. can have a lot of T3&T4 bound to it
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What does the thyroid hormone do?
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1. Stimulates Na+ and K+-ATPase
2. Amplifies epi action in lipolysis 3. increases metabolism 4. rases basometabolic rate |
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How do you activate thyroid hormone (TH)?
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TH diffuses thru mmbrn & into nucleus --> binds to thyroid receptor --> receptor loses co-repressor and binds co-activator --> gene expression begins
*co-repressor bound to thyroid receptor when there is no TH |
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What is feedback inhibition of TH?
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T3&T4 inhibit TSH secretion in pit and TRH secretion in hypothalamus
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What describes the following: Destructive antibodies, decrease in thyroid function, hypOmetabolic state?
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Hypothyroidism
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What does the following describe: causes antibodies to be formed which bind TSH receptor and activate thyroid gland w/out presence of TSH, hypermetabolic state, anxiety/stress
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Hyperthyroidism
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How do you make Vit D?
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1. Receive it thru skin or ingestion
2. Made into calcifediol/calcidiol in liver 3. made into calcitrol in kidney |
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what is the most active form of vit d?
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Calcitrol
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What is the job of vit d?
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Maintain amt of Ca & phosphorus in blood stream
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What are 3 ways for Ca to maintain in blood stream?
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1. absorption
2. take from bones 3. keep Ca from being expelled into kidneys |
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What substances regulate Ca and K?
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PTH, Vit D, Calcitonin
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How does vit D regulate Ca and K?
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1. make sure they're absorbed in gut
2. pulls them from bones if levels are low 3. inhibits them from leaving blood stream thru kidney |
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How does PTH regulate Ca and K?
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1. pulls them from bone
2. activates Vit D synthesis in kidney 3. Causes kidney to remove K but retain Ca |
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How does calcitonin regulate Ca and K?
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1. Enhances excretion of Ca in urine
2. Makes sure not too much of them is coming from bone |
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When is calcitonin secreted?
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Due to high Ca levels in blood
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What happens in Vit D deficiency?
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1. decrease Ca and K in blood
2. Increase PTH --> take them from bone, wasted K in urine so it becomes low while Ca is normal |
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What can cause Vit D deficiency?
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Primary -- lack of sun, heritable disease
Secondary --chronic renal failure, liver failure |
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How do you make cortisol?
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1. ACTH binds receptor
2. Activates LDL 3. Cholesterol loses ester & goes into mitochondria 4. Cortisol in miochondria can now diffuse out of cell. Using Corticosteroid-binding globulin for transportaion in bloodstream. *made in adrenal cortex |
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What causes iatrogenic cushings syndrome?
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- highest % of cushings patients
-- usually taking another source of cortisol i.e. steroids |
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What is adrenal cushings syndrome?
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Tumor in adrenal gland giving off cortisol, low ACTH
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What is paraneoplastic cushings syndrome?
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ACTH producing tumor in lungs which increases cortisol levels
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In the female repro system what does the ant pituitary release, the ovary and the fetus?
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Ant. pit = FSH, LH
Ovary = Estrogen, progesterone Fetus = HCG |
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What is an oogonia?
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It is a primordial germ cell that originates in the yolk sac and then grows and moves to the gonad, entering meiosis
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What surrounds an oocytes?
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Follicular cells
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What are the physical characteristics of the ovary?
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It has an outer layer of germinal epi with an inner tunica albuginea. The cortex contains ovarian follicles and storma while the medula is made of a rich vascular bed and loose CT
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What are primodial follicles?
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They are formed during fetal life. It is a primary oocyte with a single layer of flattened follicular cells.
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Where are primordial follicles found?
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In the superficial layer of the cortical region
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At puberty, what initiates growth in a small group of primordial follicles, affecting all components?
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FSH
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In primary unilamina follicle, what is ganulosa cell growth?
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Mitosis increases in cell number and shape change to a single layer of cuboidal cells
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What are the 4 characteristics of the multilaminar follicle?
(aka 2ndry or pre-antral follicle) |
1. increased follicular cell proliferation
2. stratified follicular epithelium 3. Early thecal cell layer 4. Zona pellucida secreted |
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Where is the zona pellucida? what makes it? what is it made up?
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The zona pellucida is made by follicular cells and the oocyte. It is made of glycoproteins and can be found btwn the oocyte and follicular cells. The two cells are connected thru gap junctions
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What are the characterisitcis of the antral follicle?
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Granulosa cells
fibroblasts of stoma form theca folliculi |
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In the antral follicle what happens to the granulosa cells?
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They increase in size and number and they form liquor folliculi
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What is liquor folliculi?
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Its the area btwn the follicle cells called the antrum. Its plasma and follicular celll products -- contains glycosaminoglycans, steroid-binding proteins, and steroids
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What makes up the theca folliculi?
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It contains the theca interna and the theca externa (just a supotive layer of fibroblasts). Both of which have blood vessels in them unlike the granulosa layer
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In the theca interna, how does it produce estrogen?
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1.Produce androstenedione and transported to granulosa layer
2. convert to estrogen by the granulosa cell = aromatase 3. FSH stimulates aromatase production 4.Estrogen distributed systemically |
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What are the characteristics of the graafian follicle?
(aka mature, preovulatory follicle) |
Its about 2.5 cm in diameter and protrudes from surface of ovary so it can be imaged. It increases in size due to accumulation of fluid.
*theres a single dominant follicle per menstrual cycle |
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What is the cumulus oophorus? What about the corona radiata?
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Cumulus oophorus is the peninsula containing ooctye while the corona radiata are granulosa cells surrounding oocyte
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What occurs during follicular atresia?
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1. stop granulosa cell mitosis
2. detach these cells from basal lamina 3. death of oocyte and granulosa cells 4. Macrophages come and eat it 5.Fibroblasts replace them & leave scar of collagen |
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What is the rupture of the wall of the mature follicle and liberation of the oocyte associated with?
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It is the beginning of ovulation so it is associated with a spike in LH
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What is the stimulus for the activation of ovulation?
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Elevated estrogen releasesd from follcile and LH surge released by anterior pituitary
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Once ovulation is activated what happens?
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Theres an increase in blood flow, edema and release of prostaglandins, histamine, vassopressin and collagenase. The wall degenerates then ruptures and the oocyte + polar body are expelled with zona pellucida around them
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What cells does the corpus luteum contain? What is its function?
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It has granulosa luetin cells (old grnulosa cells) and theca luetin (old theca interna cells). Its job is to secrete progesterone and estrogen for 10-12 days then its dependent on pregnancy. If preggars then it maintains uterine mucosa, stops uterine shedding and stimulates glands
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In the absence of fertilization, menstration occurs. What are its consequences?
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You get a decrease in progesterone and estrogen secretion which elevates FSH secretion. FSH activates new follicle and menstration occurs with remnants being phagocytosed and corpus albicans is formed
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What is HCG?
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It is secreted by the trophoblastic cells of embryo and it prevents degeneration while stimulating growth and progesterone release.
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What are the 3 layers of the oviducts?
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1. mucosa with longitudinal folds, simple columnar
2. muscularis - inner cicular, outer longitudinal 3. serosa |
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In the oviducts there are two cells, what are they? and what are their functions?
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Ciliated cells - move fluid toward uterus
Peg/secretory cells - provide nutrition for oocyte and promote capacitation in spermatozoa |
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In the myometrium what changes during preggars? after?
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During
1. hyperplasia /hypertrophy 2. increase in collagen content After 1. destruction of smooth muscle 2. reduction in size 3. enzymatic degradation of collagen |
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True or false the endometrium contains fibroblasts, collagen type III and tubular glands
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TRUE
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In the follicular phase what happens in the endometrium?
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There is fast growth of follicles and estrogen levels rise. The endometrial cells prolifierate, thickness increases, and glands prepare for activity
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In the secretory phase, what happens in the endometrium?
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Ovulation occurs and progesterone is released. The endometrium becomes coiled, cells release glycoproteins, lumen becomes dilated and theres stromal edema as its thickness increases
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In the menstrual phase, what happens in the endometrium if preggars does NOT happen?
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Corpus luteum stops, progesterone/estrogen stop. Menstruation occurs, shed endometrial
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In the menstrual phase, what happens in the endometrium if preggars DOES happen?
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Embryo attaches penetrating lamina propria. release HCG, increase gland secretions, endometrium gets bigger til it surrounds embryo
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What does the decidua arise from?
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arises from fibroblases of the lamina propria
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Where are the following,
1. decidua capsularis 2. decidua basalis 3. decidua parietalis |
1. btwn embryo and lumen of uterus
2. btwn embryo & myometrium 3. btwn myometrium and lumen |
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What does the placenta do?
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HCG
Placental prolactin estrogen / progesterone after corpus luteum stops 4-5 months in |
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What is function of cervix?
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1. Facilitation of fertilization
2. protection 3. dilation of preceding partuition |
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What stimulates lactation? what happens?
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estrogen, progesterone, prolactin. It causes a decrease in CT and fat and proliferation of alveoli at ends of ducts
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Oxytocin is released because? what happens?
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Nursing, distention of vagina/cervix casues release. So it causes contraction of myoepithelial cells in alveoli and lactiferous ducts. Milk ejects and collects in lactiferous sinuses.
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What are the main functions of the organ male reproductive system?
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1. Produce mature sperm
2. Major steroid producer - estrogen, progesterone 3. Facilitate fertilization |
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What is the connective tissue capsule oof the testis called?
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The connective tissue capsule is called the tunica albuginea. It is dense, white, fibrous capsule. There is also a posterior capsule that thickens called the mediastinum testis
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Where does spermatogenesis occur?
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It occurs in the lobules, which hold 1-4 seminiferous tubules
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Do the straight tubules contain germ cells?
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No, they are only simple columnar epi unlike the seminiferous tubules
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What does the rete testis do?
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They are a group of anastomising cavernous channels that funnels the 1000's of openings of the seminiferous tubules into a dozen or so ducts that exit the testis thru the efferent ducts
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What are peritubular myoid cells? where can we find them?
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These cells surround the seminiferous tubules. The contractility of these cells help move sperm along the repro tract. less important in humans
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What do leydig cells do?
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they are steroid producing cells that are found in interstitial region
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What do the sertoli cells do?
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They are supporting cells that secrete proteins. The germ cells rely on these proteins as they mature
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True or false, sertoli cells can support an unlimited number of germ cells
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False, they can only support a limited number of germ cells. They stop proliferating at sexual maturation and are related to infertility if the sperm count is low
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What regulates sertoli cells?
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They are regulated by FSH which is secreted from the anterior division of the pit
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What are the functions of sertoli cells?
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1. support dvlpmnt of spermatoza
2. Inhibit dvlpmnt of Mullerian ducts by secreting Mullerian inhibiting substance. Wlffian ducts will form instead 3. Immunological protection of germcells--> blood-testis barrier |
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What is the purpose of the blood-testis barrier?
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Males are not born making mature spermatozoa. Antigen-presenting cells will mark what is self, eventually make mature sperm that they havent seen before and can produce antibodies that attach to sperm
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What do sertoli cells secrete?
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1/ transferrin
2. androgen binding protein 3. collagen 4 and laminin 4. mullerian inhibiting substance 5. inhibin 6. clusterin |
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what does clusterin do?
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it is the most abundunt protein secreted by sertoli cells, they are associated with breaking apart dysfunctional sperm that accumulate in testis
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what are leydig cells regulated by?
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they are regulated by the pituiatary hormone LH
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true or false: in the epididymis one of its functions is phagocytosis of degenerated spermatozoa and residula bodies?
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TRUE
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