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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the vitreous body composed primarily up of?
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Loose Collagen Fibers
Hyaluronic Acid |
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The vitreous is produced by ? which is thought to be a tissue ?
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Hyalocytes
thought to be a tissue Macrophage |
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What is the Inner Limiting Membrane?
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expanded inner processes of Muller's Cells and their Basal Lamina.
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What are Muller's Cells?
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Supporting (neuroglial) cells
modified astrocytes |
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What is in the Inner Plexiform Layer
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Bipolar Cell Axons
Synaptic ribbons in Bipolar presynaptic ending Dendrites of Ganglion Cells processes of Amacrine Cells and Synapses |
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What is in the Inner Nuclear Layer composed of?
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Nuclei of
Bipolar Horizontal Amacrine Muller's |
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What is in the Outer Plexiform layer?
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process of Rod and Cone cells
(spherules and pedicles) synapsing with Bipolar Dendrites Synaptic Ribbons (structures associated with controlled release of neurotransmitter granules) are present |
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What is in the Outer Nuclear Layer?
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Rod and Cone nuclei and cell bodies
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What is in the Outer Limiting Membrane?
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junctional complexes of Muller's and Photoreceptor Cells
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What are Retinal Pigment Epithelium?
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contain Melanin
form TIGHT JUNCTIONS that make BLOOD-RETINA BARRIER they phagocytose the Rod and Cone Membranes process VITAMIN A and pump Ions |
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Retinal Detachment usually occurs when ? separate from the RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM --depriving the rods and cones of nourishment
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Rods and Cones --separate from the retinal pigment epithelium
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What part of Rods and Cones contain numerous Mitochondria, RER and some glycogen?
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Inner Segment
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The ? part of Rods and Cones that extends from the Basal Body is a modified ? that is lacking the central Microtubular pair in its microtubule arrangement.
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Outer segment
modified CILIUM |
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True or False
The OUTER SEGMENT of rods and cones consists of membrane folded to form disks. The older disks are shed and phagocytosed by the Retinal Pigment Epithelium. |
True
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The periphery of the Retina consists of ? only.
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Rods
(there are more rods than cones) |
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Rods are sensitive to low light levels and contain the visual pigment ?
Where are they found in the Rods? |
RHODOPSIN (retinal + rod opsin)
Outer Segment |
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Cones are of 3 kinds sensitive to RED , GREEN, and BLUE light. They contain the visual pigment ?
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IODOPSIN
(retinal + 1 of 3 cone opsins) |
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What is Convergence?
How is this observed in the eye? |
many units synapsing to a single unit
Anterior margin of the Retina -- number of Rods synapse with a single Bipolar Neuron number of Bipolar neurons synapse with a single Ganglion cell |
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What is the depressed center of the Macula Lutea called?
What does that structure consists of? |
Fovea Centralis
consists of CONES |
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Describe the synapses found at the Macula Lutea
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1:1:1 innervation
One Cone synapse with One Bipolar Neuron synapse with One Ganglion cell |
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What are the two sources of Blood supply for the retina?
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Inner Vessels --by way of the optic nerves
Capillaries of the Choroid --by way of diffusion (they provide nourishment for Rods and Cones) |
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Inner vessels of the eye--
Arterioles can be found in what layer? Capillaries can be found in what layer? Venules can be found in what layer? |
arterioles => NERVE FIBER LAYER
capillaries => INNER NUCLEAR LAYER venules => INNER PLEXIFORM LAYER |
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True or False
The Outer Plexiform and Outer nuclear Layers are VESSEL-FREE ZONES. |
True
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The Choroid is the middle vascular layer of the eye and have a CHORIOCAPILLARY level that have flattened vascular channels that are lined with ?
Why is this important? |
Fenestrated Endothelium
allows for nutrients to diffuse out into the outer retinal layers and supply rods and cones. |
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What part of the Choroid contains elastic fibers and Melanocytes?
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Suprachoroid (epichoroid)
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The Ciliary muscle is firmly anchored anteriorly to the ?
Posteriorly it is free to pull on the ? |
Sclera
Choroid |
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A double layer of cuboidal epithelium covers the Ciliary Body and is continuous with what layer?
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Retinal Layer
(inner layer of the eye) |
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? produces Aqueous Humor and the Zonule Fibers (suspensory ligament of the lens).
Describe their cell structure |
Epithelium of the Ciliary Processes
TIGHT JUNCTIONS to form blood/aqueous barrier plasma membrane infolding N+ / K+ ATPase |
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What is the Uvea?
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Vascular layer made up of --
choroid stroma of the Ciliary Body and Iris |
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What type of barrier do Ciliary Epithelial cells have that form the Blood-Aqueous Barrier?
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Tight Junctions
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The number of ? found in the stroma of the Iris is a factor in eye color.
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Melanocytes
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The dilator and sphincter muscles are smooth muscle (MYOEPITHELIUM) that are derived from ?
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Pigment Epithelium
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The double layer of epithelium on the psoterior surface of the iris is continuous with the double layer of ?
**NOTE: ONLY ON THE IRIS ARE BOTH LAYERS OF EPITHELIUM PIGMENTED!! |
Ciliary Body Epithelium
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True or False
The anterior surface of the Iris has a double layer epithelial covering. |
FALSE
the anterior surface of the iris LACKS an epithelial covering but has stromal cells facing the anterior chamber |
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Describe the process of Accommodation for Focusing for FAR vision
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lens is flattened by being pulled on by the fibers of the CILIARY ZONULE (attached to choroid)
ciliary muscle is relaxed |
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Describe the process of Accommodation for Focusing for NEAR vision
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ciliary muscle contracts
=> pulls on Choroid => relieves tension off CILIARY ZONULE => lens assumes a more globoid shape => sphincter of the iris CONTRACTS |
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What is formed at the exit of the optic nerve?
(--region of sclera that contains the openings) |
Lamina Cribrosa
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What is Conjunctiva?
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type of epithelium that covers the anterior aspect of the Sclera and lines the inner portion of the eyelid
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Where does the major bending of light take place at in the Cornea?
Does the cornea have any vessels or nerves? |
Air-Corneal interface
There are NO vessels ONLY free nerve endings |
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How does the cornea epithelium retain a layer of fluid/tears ?
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surface epithelium have VERMIFORM ridges
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The nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium basement membrane of the cornea is called?
When damaged can it regenerate? |
Bowman's Membrane (anterior basement)
IT CANNOT regenerate (Decemet's membrane CAN regenerate) |
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What helps contribute to the TRANSPARENCY of the cornea?
What produces the collagen fibrils? |
Substantia propria (stroma)
layers of collagen fibrils are at RIGHT ANGLES to each other Corneal Fibroblast (keratocytes) |
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The thick basement membrane of the Inner Epithelium (Corneal ENDOTHELIUM)
--usually penetrating objects are often stopped by this membrane found in the Cornea When damaged can it regenerate? |
Descemet's membrane
(Posterior Basement Membrane) YES it can regenerate |
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What is Corneal (descemet's) endothelium?
What are its functions? |
NOT THE SAME AS VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM
--just simple squamous epithelium allows METABOLIC EXCHANGE between Aqueous Humor and Cornea helps keep the stroma relatively dehydrated!! (if not vision can be blocked) |
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The capsule of the lens serves as an anchor to the ? and has ? type of Collagen.
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Zonule Fibers
has Collagen Type IV |
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The ANTERIOR EPITHELIUM of the lens is a single layer of ? cells that form new lens fibers at the equator. The lens slowly increases in size throughout life.
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single layer of CUBOIDAL cells
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How are Lens cells connected to one another?
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Gap Junctions
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Describe how Aqueous Humor is drained away.
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absorbed into Venous Blood by way of the TRABECULAR MESHWORK across an ENDOTHELIUM into the CANAL OF SCHLEMM
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What makes up the Optic Nerve?
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axons of Ganglion Cells
covered with Meninges has GLIAL CELLS |
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When are axons of Ganglion cells myelinated in the Optic Nerve?
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axons become myelinated after leaving the eye at the Lamina Cribrosa
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In the Optic Nerve--
What cell would be producing Myelin? |
Oligodendrocytes
NOT SCHWANN CELLS |
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What are Tarsal Glands (meibomian glands) ?
(found in the eyelid) |
SEBACEOUS GLANDS
They secrete MEIBUM --oily substance that prevents the evaporation of the eye's tear film |
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True or False
GOBLET CELLS found in the eye are located in the CONJUNCTIVA which help contribute to tear formation |
True
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