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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are non-neural pacemaker cells that receive, transmit and integrate neurogenic signals and muscular activity?
They are "independent" nervous system |
Interstitial cells of Cajals
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What is the General Plan of the Alimentary Tube (GPAT) ?
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mucosa
Submucosa Muscularis Adventitia OR Serosa |
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What is the difference between ADVENTITIA and SEROSA?
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ADVENTITIA - loose CT
SEROSA - loose CT and MESOTHELIUM |
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Where does the Esophagus have ADVENTITIA?
SEROSA? |
Adventitia => in THORAX
Serosa => in ABDOMEN |
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List the 4 layers that compose the MUCOSA.
EBLM |
Epithelium
Basement Membrane Lamina Propria Muscularis Mucosae |
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Where are the Stem cells found in the Gastric pits (FOVEOLAE)?
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Neck / Isthmus Region
KNOW FOR TEST can differentiate into whatever cells the stomach needs |
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What cells are present in oxyntic/fundic glands that produce HYDROCHLORIC ACID?
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Parietal Cells
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What are the cell types present in oxyntic/fundic glands?
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Parietal Cells
Chief Cells Enteroendocrine Cells |
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What cell type found in the upper portions of fundic glands that contains many mitochondria for proton pumping?
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Parietal Cells
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What cells produce ALKALINE MUCUS that protects the epithelium against stomach acid?
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Simple Columnar Cell Type
aka FOVEOLAR CELLS |
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Type of cell that are typical protein producing for export. They have RER in basal location and APICAL ZYMOGEN GRANULES.
Produce PEPSINOGEN and GASTRIC LIPASE |
Chief Cells
aka Zymogenic Cells |
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What is the difference between CLOSED enteroendocrine cells and OPEN enteroendocrine cells?
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Close - sits on basement membrane and covered by epithelial cells
Open - extend from basement membrane to the lumen where they can sample luminal contents & release hormones based on that sampling. |
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What is the major endocrine cell of the gastric body/fundus is the ?
What is its purpose? |
ENTEROCHROMAFFIN-LIKE (ECL) Cell
-produces HISTAMINE -stimulates HCL production by PARIETAL CELLS |
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What stimulates ENTEROCHROMAFFIN-LIKE cells?
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Gastrin
--produced by G cells of the GASTRIC ANTRUM |
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True or False
The stomach has submucosal glands. |
FALSE
the stomach has NO SUBMUCOSAL GLANDS |
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Glands of the Pyloric produce ? and ?
G Cells are also present and cause ? |
Mucus
Lysozyme Stimulation of parietal cell HCL production Stimulation of ECL to release HISTAMINE |
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True or False
The stomach has submucosal glands. |
FALSE
stomach DOES NOT have submucosal glands |
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The stomach has ? layers rather than the usual 2 layers of class GPAT (general plan of the alimentary tube)
Describe this extra layer. |
3 layers
extra -- INNER OBLIQUE LAYER |
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At the pylorus the ? layer thickens to form the pyloric sphincter.
Is there a serosa present? |
Middle Circular Layer
yes there is SEROSA present |
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Where does non-keratinized stratified squamous abruptyly change into simple columnar (FOVEOLAR( epithelium?
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At the esophageal / fundic gastric junction
(cardiac) |
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? junction is where the parietal cells becomes sparse and classic antral type mucosal glands are seen.
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Body / Antrum junction
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Describe the Pyloric Junction
stomach side? duodenum side? |
Stomach
--> pyloric glands ABOVE the muscularis mucosae Duodenum --> Brunner's glands are in the Submucosa and break up the muscularis mucosae --> has villi and goblet cells |
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The mucosa and submucosa form permanent folds termed ? in the small intestines.
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Plicae Circulares (valves of Kerckring)
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Where are Intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn) found between?
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found between the VILLI of the small intestines
epithelium is continuous from the villi into the gland |
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? is present in the microvilli of enterocytes and interacts with myosin in the terminal web to cause motility.
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Actin
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Digestion of oligo and disaccharides occurs at the ?
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microvilli of enterocytes
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Where would you find a Na+ / K+ ATPase pump at on an enterocyte?
What does this rseult in? |
Lateral and Basal plasma membrane
results in Na+ and Water movement from lumen into fenestrated capillaries |
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? is co-transported with Na+ at the microvilli.
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Glucose
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What forms the Enteric Coat of an enterocyte?
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thick GLYCOCALYX
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In regards to Enterocytes
--where are proteins broken down to amino acids? |
Enteric Coat
--has peptidases |
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In the small intestines--
Triglycerides are broken down to form MICELLES and absorbed through the microvilli-- Where are the triglycerides reformed in the Enterocyte? |
Apical SMOOTH ER
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After the Enterocyte has reformed and packaged the Triglycerides in the smooth ER--
what is the resulting product called? |
Chylomicrons
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What absorbs Chylomicrons after they have been excytosed from Enterocytes?
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Lacteals
(blind-ended lymphatic vessels) |
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True or False
Stomach has Goblet Cells. |
FALSE
there are NO goblet cells |
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True or False
Stomach has Paneth Cells. |
FALSE
NO PANETH CELLS --only found in SMALL INTESTINES |
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specialized enterocytes found immediately over intramucosal lymphoid aggregates.
transport ANTIGENS from gut lumen to underlying lymphoid tissues. |
M Cells
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Clusters of these cells are found at the bottoms of the INTESTINAL GLANDS.
identified by red-orange granules produce LYSOZYME and have extensive RER |
Paneth Cells
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Describe the two types of Enteroendocrine cells
**note: various eneteroendocrine cells are named on their secretion such as G-Cells, S-cells, and EC-cells. |
BOTH have secretion granules at Basement membrane
OPEN type -- microvilli and contact the lumen CLOSED -- contact only the basement membrane |
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What does S cells secrete?
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Gastrin Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP)
Secretin |
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Where are stem cells found in the small intestines?
What cells can it differentiate into? |
Base of the crypt
goblet absorptive Paneth endocrine |
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What is the CT in the villi and surrounds the intestinal glands?
composed up of loose CT, blood, lymph, nerves, and smooth muscle. |
Lamina Propria
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What cells are commonly found in the LAMINA PROPRIA of the small intestines?
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Plasma Cells
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Serosa or Adventitia
The duodenum is retroperitoneal so it has an ? Jejunum is intraperitoneal and therefore has a ? Ileum is intraperitoneal and therefore has ? |
Adventitia --duodenum
Serosa (mesothelial) --jejunum Serosa (mesothelial) --ileum |
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The presence of any of the 3 features is diagnostic of the DUODENUM.
What are they? |
Brunner's Glands
Ampulla of Vater Pancreas tissue |
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The ILEUM is characterized by the presence of ?
What modified epithelial covers this aggregate of lymph nodules? |
Peyer's Patch
M-cells |
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True or False
The Colon has Plicae Circulares, villi, and intestinal galnds present. |
FALSE
colon DOES NOT have plicae circulares villi IT DOES HAVE INTESTINAL GLANDS present!! |
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True or False
Paneth cells are normally found in the Colon |
FALSE
not normally found in colon FOUND USUALLY IN SMALL INTESTINES |
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Does the Colon have Submucosal glands?
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NO submucosal glands in stomach
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in the MUSCULARIS PROPRIA of the colon
--what forms the 3 bands known as the TAENIA COLI? |
Outer longitudinal layer
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Flatus, water, and short-chain fatty acids found int he colon are produced as a byproduct of ?
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carbohydrate-consuming bacteria
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Describe the anorectal junction epithelium
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simple columnar epithelium --- change to --- stratified squamous epithelium of the anal canal
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