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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Peripheral (circulating) blood = ? + ?
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cells [formed elements] + Plasma [fluid]
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What is found in the Cell [formed elements] portion of peripheral (circulating) blood?
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RBC
Leukocytes(WBC) -neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosionphils, basophils Platelets or thrombocytes |
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Plasma [fluid] portion of the peripheral (circulating) blood contains?
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clotting factors
nutrients proteins |
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If the blood is clotted and FIBRINOGEN removed, remaining fluid is called ?
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serum
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Describe the layers of blood if it was centrifuged in a tube.
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Plasma Layer - Top
Leukocytes (WBC) - middle Red Cell Layer (hematocrit) - bottom |
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? forms blood islands in the second week of the embryo.
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Yolk Sac Mesoderm
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? week does the liver and spleen make blood cells in the embryo?
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6th week
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By the ? month bone marrow starts hematopoiesis and becomes dominant in the embryo
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2nd month
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? lined with endothelium permeate the marrow and are surrounded by adventitial cells thereby separating them from the marrow cells
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vascular sinuses
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Marrow cells between the vascular sinuses are supported by ? and consists of what 3 things?
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Reticular Fibers (support)
Erythroblastic islets Granulocytes Megakryocytes |
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Erythroblastic islets of erythroblasts surround a ?
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Macrophage
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? usually develop away from a sinus close to bone spicules
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Granulocytes
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? shed fragments of their cytoplasm as platelets into the vascular sinuses at apertures in the endothelium.
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Megakaryocytes
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Romanovsky stains / Wright stain contain ? which causes oxidation and produce azures and eosin appearance for staining of marrow and blood.
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Methylene blue
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All blood cells come from a single stem cell called ?
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PLEURIPOTENTIAL stem cell
(omnipotent) |
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Pleuripotential stem cells can differentiate into what 2 types of cells?
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Lymphoid Multipotential stem cell
Myeloid multipotential stem cell |
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What cells arise from Myeloid multipotential stem cells?
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monocytes
granulocytes (B.E.N.) erythrocytes Megakaryocytes |
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Hemoglobin made from iron is carried by ? to the receptors in the coated pits on the surface of the RBC.
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Transferrin
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Where are the receptors in the erythroblasts?
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Coated Pits on the surface
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Erythropoiesis is driven by ? which is produced mainly by the KIDNEY in response to hypoxia.
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Erythropoietin (EP)
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Erythropoietin is produced mainly by the ? in response to ?
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Kindey
hypoxia |
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True or False
Erythropoietin (EP) causes an expansion of ERYTHROBLASTIC ISLETS. |
True
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? recycles worn-out erythrocytes and stores iron
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Bone Marrow macrophages
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Heme part of the hemoglobin becomes ? and goes to the liver.
the salvaged iron is stored as ? |
Bilirubin
Ferritin (Iron attached to protein called APOFERRITIN) |
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Storage aggregates of Ferritin are called ?
What transfer iron from these storages to erythroblasts? |
Hemosiderin
Transferrin |
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Describe the the color changes as erythroblasts mature.
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Deep basophilic blue
mixed blue and pink = POLYCHROMATIC all pink => ORTHOCHROMATIC |
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What causes basophilia in the erythroblasts?
What causes the pink? |
free polyribosomes (RNA) for making HEMOGLOBIN
Hemoglobin |
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True or False
Erythroblasts have heterochromatin. |
False
EUCHROMATIN (widely dispersed) when the erythroblast matures the chromatin becomes CLUMPED =>> Heterochromatin |
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When does an erythroblast become a RETICULOCYTE?
Does it have cytoplasmic RNA? |
nucleus is expelled
yes RNA is still present and can be stained |
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List the 4 stages of erythrocytes.
PERE |
Proerythroblast
Erythroblast Reticulocyte Erythrocyte |
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What is the largest cell in the erythrocyte stages.
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Proerythroblast (pronormoblast)
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True or False
Proerythroblast has euchromatin. |
True
Euchromatin = finely dispersed chromatin (heterochromatin = condensed) |
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Describe the 3 phases of Erythroblast maturation coloring
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Basophilic (early)
polychromatophilic (middle) -pink and blue Normochromatic (late) orthochromatophilic -cytoplasm is pink -nucleus is pyknotic and about to be expelled |
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In a reticulocyte what is used to make ribosomes to form a web or reticulum that stains?
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Brilliant Cresyl Blue
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Where are reticulocytes found?
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2 days in the bone marrow
exist in blood for ONLY 24 hours |
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True or False
Reticulocytes have a small nucleus present. |
FALSE
they have no nucleus present nucleus was ejected out in erythroblast |
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True or False
Erythrocytes contain nothing but hemoglobin and mitochondria. |
FALSE
ONLY HEMOGLOBIN is found in erythrocytes there are no nucleus, organelles OR MITOCHONDRIA!! |
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Describe the Thrombocytic series of cell development.
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Myeloid cell --> megakaryocyte --> platelet
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Biggest blood cell (size)
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Megakaryocyte
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The megakaryoblast undergoes ? several time in order to become a large cell with a large, single, lobed nucleus.
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Endomitosis
(incomplete mitosis) |
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In circulating blood the disk shape of a platelet (thrombocyte) is due to a peripheral bundle of ?
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microtubules
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In the platelet(thrombocyte) describe the staining/structure
(2 regions) |
PERIPHERAL -- hyalomere (not stained)
CENTRAL -- Granulomere (stained with 3 kinds of granules) |
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Describe the 3 types of granulomeres found in Platelets (thrombocytes)
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Alpha granules
-growth factor -FIBRINOGEN Delta Granules (dense bodies) - Ca2+ -ATP, ADP -SEROTONIN Lambda Granules -lysosomes |
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? are concerned with blood coagulation, clot formation, retraction and removal, and inflammation
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Platelets
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What is a platelet life span?
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10 days
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Describe the maturation stages of the Granulocytic series.
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Myeloblast
Promyelocyte Myelocyte Metamyelocyte Band Segmented |
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True or False
Myeloblast is a large cell with NO GRANULES and may have multiple nucleoli. |
True
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True or False
Promyelocyte (progranulocyte) are the LARGEST CELL in the granulocytic series and have NON-SPECIFIC granules. |
True
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What are the non-specific granules found in promyelocytes?
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Lysosomes
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When do Specific Granules appear in the granulocytic maturation series?
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Myelocyte
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True or False
Myelocyte is Last Stage capable mitosis? |
True
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Describe a metamyelocyte structure
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Nucleus is more deeply indented
overall cell size is smaller than myelocyte |
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Describe the Band stage of granulocytic maturation.
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Nucleus is U or horseshoe-shaped
CONDENSED chromatin Specific GRANULES more CONSPICUOUS azurophil granules reduced |
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Describe the Segmented stage of granulocytic maturation.
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multilobed nucleus
eosinolphils bilobed neutrophils have 3-4 lobes |
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At what stage are Basophils made in the granulocytic maturation?
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Myelocyte
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In females, the Barr Body, a condensed X chromosome is visible on the nuclei of ?
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Neutrophils
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Name all granulocyte cells
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Basophils
Eosinophils Neutrophils |
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What is the first cell to arrive at a site of inflammation
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neutrophils
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REMEMBER
neutrophils are called MICROPHAGES |
REMEMBER
neutrophils are called MICROPHAGES |
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What do Neutrophilic granules contain?
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alkaline phosphatase
collagenase lactoferrin lysozyme |
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Azurophil granules are also known as ?
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NON-SPECIFIC granules
lysosomes |
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What do neutrophil Azurophil granules (nonspecific granules) contain?
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acid phosphatase (lysosomes)
elastase collegenase myeloperoxidase lysozyme |
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What are the first things that are discharged into into a PHAGOSOME in a neutrophil?
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Neutrophilic granules (specific granules)
after this occurs... AZUROPHILIC GRANULES injected into the phagosome |
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What forms pus?
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neutrophils
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In eosionophils, the specific granules are ?
Non-specific (azurophil) granules are ? |
lysosomes
-contain ACID PHOSPHATASE HISTAMINASE (inactivates histamine) >>>crystalline interstitium (parasitic worms) nonspecific => typical lysosomes |
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Describe Basophil specific granules
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same as Mast cells
HISTAMINE Heparin Heparan sulfate Leukotrienes |
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What causes the blue stain of basophils?
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Heparin
heparan sulfate sulfated GLYCOAMINOGLYCANS |
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Both Mast cells and Basophils are from ? stem cells but the progenitor cells are different.
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CD34+
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True or False
Basophils emerge from marrow fully mature. |
True
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True or false
Mast cells emerge from the marrow fully mature |
FALSE
Mast cell precursor circulates in blood => goes INTO TISSUE and becomes a mast cell!!! |
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What is derived from Monocytes?
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Mononuclear Phagocytic system
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True or False
Monocyte cytoplasm is gray with fine azurophil (non-specific) granules which are lysosomes |
True
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What are the only types of Leukocytes (WBC) that have receptors for specific antigens?
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Lymphocytes
(except for NK cells --nonspecific) |
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True or False
Small lymphocytes are typically reactive/activated cells |
False
LARGE lymphocytes are typically reactive/activated cells |
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True or False
All lymphocytes can have a few azurophil granules (lysosomes) |
True
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What type of T cells are used for virus/tumor/transport response?
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Cytotoxic CD8+ cells
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What T-cells are used to induce and amplify immune response against foreign antigens?
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Helper CD4+ Cells
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CELLULAR immunity cells against virus-infected and or tumor cells with receptors for specific antigens
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T-lymphocytes
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HUMORAL immunity with receptors (antibodies) for specific antigens of organisms or cells
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B-lymphocytes
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When stimulated, B-lymphocytes become ? cells
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Plasma Cells
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What are the 3 lymphocyte types?
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T-lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes NK-Cells |
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Cellular immunity against viral infected and/or tumor cells
(notice that its not RECEPTORS FOR SPECIFIC ANTIGENS) |
NK-cells
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True or False
NK cells are similar to T cells and have receptors for specific antigens |
FALSE
THEY DO NOT HAVE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN RECEPTORS!!! |
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Name the types of lymphocyte based on greatest to least amount
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T-lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes NK-cells |
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What is the ONLY lymphocyte that has AZUROPHILIC GRANULES?
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NK Cells
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