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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Two triggers to germinate seeds of tropical pioneer species in the rainforest
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1) Photoblastic Species- triggered by exposure to light in which E of red wavelength > far red
2) thermoblastic species- triggered by high temp or by alternating high and low temperature |
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Adaptions of Amazonian plants against herbivory
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-longevity of fruit and flower
-chemical- lots of investment in secondary compounds -rapid expansion b/c most herbivory in seedling stage -poor nutritional quality -leaf toughness -delayed greening -mutualism with ants and other insects |
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Monoecious
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unisexual reproductive units of both sexes on same plant
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Dioecious
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unisexual reproductive units on different individuals "two houses"
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Primary vs. Secondary Attractant
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Primary attractant: what is diectly recieved by pollinating the plant (pllen, nectar, perfumes, protection and brood place, oils)
Secondary attractant: what attracts an insect to pollinate a plant (floral scent, visual attractive, temperature, sexual attraction) |
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Páramo Plant Adaptations
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-leaves can be white to reflect light
-spines -leaves have hair and wax to keep warm -plants have parts that are dead higher in leaves to shade living part -clumps -thicker leaves |
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Differences between Pollination timing in TRF vs. TF
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TRF: seasonal, throughout the year with some peak periods
TF: cofined to late spring and summer |
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Anthesis
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period in which flower is fully open and functional
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Differences between pollination vectors in TRF vs. TF
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TRF: very little wind pollination, mainly social insect (bees) pollinated and animal pollination
TF: majority is wind pollinated (gymnosperms and angiosperms), very little animal pollination |
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Inga plant
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-Fabaceae family, subfamily Mimosoidae
-Inga is paripinada (unlike Mimosoidae which are bipinada) but it has glands |
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Explain the 4 hypothesis of Cock of the Rock lekking behavior
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1)female selection- prefer to visit large male groups to size up options
2) kin selection- all participating males in lek are somewhat related, therefore if even a solitary male gets to mate than all benefit b/c genetic material is passed on 3) hot spot hypothesis- males congregate where females most often visit 4) hotshot hypothesis- subordinate males flock around dominate males to try to intercept females |
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Advantages of mixed flocks
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-avoid predation
-optimal nutrition-improve food search -habitat enlargement -improved reproduction and genetic structure |
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Differences between guilds of bats (frugivores/granivores and carnivorous)
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Frugivores/granivores:
-good sense of smell, scream through noses for echolocation when carrying fruit Carnivorous: pug nose, sneak on prey and make small incisions to drink blood |
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Differences between mixed bird flocks: frugivores vs. insectivores
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Frugivores:
-highly colored mid-sized birds, inhabitat canopy, no real territory -no sentinel guide Insectivores: cryptically colored small to mid-sized birds, understory -not necessarily strong flyers -directed by sentinel guide, predictable movements, smaller groups 40-100 |
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Apterygota, exopterygoa, and endopterygota Insect Groups
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Apterygota: no metamorphosis, wingless, nymphs closely resemble adults
Exopterygota: gradual and incomplete metamorphosis, wings develop outside the body (no pupil stage) Endopterygota: complete metamorphisis, wings develop inside body in pupil stage-not visible until adult stage |
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Interference
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species compete directly and prevent fitness
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Exploitative
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species indirectly compete and prevent fitness
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Intra-specific
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members of the same species compete
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Inter-specific
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two different species compete
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co-existance
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divergent niches for the same resource, non-limiting
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Three Main Oceanic Currents of Ecuador Coast and their properties
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1) Humboldt- southern, cold current pulls moisture out of the air
2)El Niño (Panama)- northern, warm current, warm water gives off moisture 3)Cromwell- cold deepwater curent from west carries lots of nutrients that are forced up when it hits galaps |
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Why are Amazonian soils nutrient poor?
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-high iron and clay content
-rate of nutrient cycling is very fast -very small 0 organic layer because vegetation is constantly absorbing nutrients |
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Chronologically order Ecuador's exports
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Textiles, cacao, bananas, petroleum
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Effects of the banana boom of the 1950s and 60s
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-migration from sierra to coast
-development, formed coastal middle class -deforestation for cultivation -political stability |
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Threats to Andean Speckled Bear Populations
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-reduction and fragmentation of habitat
-popular medicine- fat for rheumatism, blood for healthy/female fertility -poaching for fur -lack of knowledge |
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Yasuní ITT initiative
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-proposal to leave Amazon oil in the ground in exchange for international compensation of $100million (1/2 of value)
-if not received, Correa says will extract with minimal environmental impact -Correa is more actively developing how to drill in Yasuní than promoting the initiative |
