Cde 110 Chapter 2 And 3 Test

Front 1

What term is a group of ideas, assumptions, and generalizations that interpret and illuminate the thousands of observations that have been made about human growth. It also provides a framework for explaining the patterns and problems of development

Back 1

Developmental theory

Front 2

What do theories do specifically?

Back 2

Produce hypothesis

Generate Discoveries

Offer Practical Guidance

Front 3

What term is an average, or typical, standard of behavior or accomplishment, such as the norm for age of walking or the norm for greeting a stranger?

Back 3

Norm

Front 4

Do not confuse theories with what other terms?

(Two other terms)

Back 4

Norms

Facts

Front 5

What is the term for a grand theory of human development that holds the irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often orienting a child, under by human behavior?

Back 5

Psychoanalytic theory

Front 6

The psychoanalytic theory originated with?

Back 6

Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939)

Front 7

According to Sigmund Freud, development in the first six years of life occurs in how many stages?

Back 7

Three stages

The Oral stage

The Anus stage

The Phallic stage

Front 8

What according to Freud is the last stage which arrives at puberty and lasts throughout adulthood?

Back 8

The genital stage

Front 9

Sigmund Freud believed that the early stages provide the foundation for?

Back 9

Adult behavior

Front 10

Which theorist, who had followed after Sigmund Freud, proposed a comprehensive development theory. This theorist describes eight developmental stages each characterized by particular challenge, or developmental crisis?

Back 10

Eric Erickson

(1902 – 1994)

Front 11

What are the two crucial aspects where Erickson's stages differ significantly from Freud's stages?

Back 11

(1) Erickson's stages emphasized family and culture, not sexual urges

(2) Erickson recognized adult development, with three stages after adolescence.

Front 12

Freud believed development depended on?

Back 12

Three psycho-sexual stages that impacted later habits and personality, not only in for next two periods (latency and genital) but lifelong

Front 13

What behaviorist was in direct opposition to the psychoanalytic notion and was an early proponent of the learning theory?

Back 13

John Watson

(1878 – 1953)

Front 14

What concept was developed to study observable behavior, objectively and scientifically because it describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned?

Back 14

Behaviorism (learning theory)

Front 15

According to behaviorism, what is the process by which responses become linked to particular stimuli and learning takes place. This places emphasis on the importance of repeated practice.

Back 15

Conditioning

Front 16

What is the learning process in which meaningful stimulus is connected with a neutral stimulus that had no special meaning before conditioning?

Back 16

Classical Conditioning

Front 17

What is one specific example of classical conditioning?

Back 17

White coat syndrome

Front 18

The most influential North American proponent of behaviorism was?

Back 18

B. F. Skinner

(1904 – 1990)

Front 19

What is the learning process by which a particular action is followed by something desired (which makes a person or animal more likely to repeat the action) or by something unwanted (which makes the action less likely to be repeated). This process is called?

Back 19

Operant Conditioning

a.k.a. instrumental conditioning

Front 20

B. F. Skinner went beyond observation of learning by association, in which one stimulus is paired with another stimulus. He focused instead on?

Back 20

What happens after a behavior elicits a particular response

Front 21

Consequences that increase the frequency of strength of a particular action are called?

Back 21

Reinforcers;

Front 22

When a behavior is followed by something desired, such as food for an animal or a welcoming smile for a lonely person this process is called?

Back 22

Reinforcement

Front 23

An extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person's behavior. Even without specific reinforcement, every individual learns through observation and imitation of other people, this is called?

Back 23

Social Learning Theory

Front 24

The central process of social learning, by which a person observes the actions of others and then copies them is called?

Back 24

Modeling

a.k.a. observational learning

Front 25

Behaviorism is also called learning theory because it emphasizes the learning process:

For Classical Conditioning, what is the learning process and result?

Back 25

Learning process: Learning occurs through association

Result: Neutral stimulus becomes conditioned response

Front 26

Behaviorism is also called learning theory because it emphasizes the learning process:

For Operant Conditioning, What is the learning process and result?

Back 26

Learning process: Learning occurs through reinforcement and punishment

Result: Weak or rare responses become strong, frequent responses. Or, with punishment, unwanted responses become extinct

Front 27

Behaviorism is also called learning theory because it emphasizes the learning process:

For Social Learning, What is the learning process and result?

Back 27

Learning process: Learning occurs through modeling what others to

Results: Observed behaviors become copied behaviors

Front 28

Social learning is particularly noticeable in life phase of life?

Back 28

Early adolescence when children want to be similar to their peers (despite their parents wishes) and may continue into adulthood.

Front 29

Social scientist sometimes write about the "indices cognitive revolution," which occurred when psychoanalytic and behaviorist research and therapy were overtaken by focus on cognition And approximately what year did this take place?

Back 29

The 1980s

Front 30

What is the term for a grand theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time and according to this theory, our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors?

Back 30

Cognitive Theory

Front 31

Who was the first major cognitive theorist Swiss scientist who was considered by many "the greatest developmental psychologist of all time"?

Back 31

Jean Piaget (1896 – 1980)

Front 32

Piaget maintained that cognitive development occurs in four age – related periods, or stages. What are the stages called?

Back 32

Sensorimotor

Pre-operational

concrete operational

Formal operational

Front 33

What term of cognitive theory pertains to a state of mental balance in which people are not confused because they can use their existing thought processes to understand current expenses and ideas?

Back 33

Cognitive Equilibrium

Front 34

What term describes the reinterpretation of new experiences to fit into old ideas?

Back 34

Assimilation

Front 35

What term describes the restructuring of old ideas to include new experiences?

Back 35

Accommodation

Front 36

What term is a perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output?

Back 36

Information – processing theory

Front 37

Which of Piaget's periods of cognitive development is from birth to two years old and infancy senses and motor abilities to understand the world. Learning is active, without reflection?

And what are the major gains during this period?

Back 37

Sensorimotor

Infants learn that objects still exist when out of sight and begin to think through mental actions

Front 38

Which of Piaget's periods of cognitive development starts at 2 – 6 years old and is where children think symbolically, with language, yet children are egocentric, proceeding from their own perspective?

And what are the major gains during this period?

Back 38

Preoperational

The Imagination Flourishes, and Language Become Significant Means of Self – Expression and Social Influences

Front 39

Which of Piaget's periods of cognitive development starts at 6 – 11 years old and his or her children understand and apply logic. Their thinking is limited by direct experience?

And what are the major gains during this period?

Back 39

Concrete Operational

By applying logic, children grass concepts of conservation, number, classification, and many other scientific ideas

Front 40

Which of Piaget's periods of cognitive development starts at 12 years through adulthood. Adolescents and adults is abstract and hypothetical concepts. They can use analysis, not only emotion?

And what are the major gains during this period?

Back 40

Formal Operational

Ethics, politics, social and moral issues become fascinating as adolescence and adults use abstract, theoretical reasoning