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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who is the generative phonology mostly used by?
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linguists to describe languages
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What is the generative phonol used for?
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describe disordered sound system of children
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Generative phonolgoy very useful when assessing child's '______'- use analysis phonological rules of generative phonology to do ____ analysis.
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phonological knowledge, independent
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What are the two types of phonological rules?
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-static rules
-dynamic rules |
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Static rules:
What do phonotactic rules describe? |
which sounds and sound sequences are permitted in the child's phonological system
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What are the 3 type of phonotactic rules?
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1. positional constraints
2. inventory constraints 3. sequence constraints |
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Static rules:
What are positional constraints? |
sounds that function as a phoneme but only in certain positions
(are context sensitive) |
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What is an ex of a postional constraint?
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a child who produces fricatives ONLY in word initial positional, never in M or F position
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Static Rules:
What are Inventory constraints? |
sound is not in child's phonemic or phonetic inventory
(not context sensitive) (not limited to particular phoneme environment) |
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Are inventory constraints context sensitive?
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NO
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T/F, inv constraints are limited to a particular phonetic envmnt?
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F
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What is an ex. of an inv constraint?
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child who produces stops & produces fricatives but never produces affricates. Or child who only produces voiced stops & never produces unvoiced stops
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Static Rules:
What is a sequence constraints? |
specify allowable sequences that may occur in child's phonological system
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What is an ex. of a sequence constraint?
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a child who produces only CV forms but never VC forms. Or child who produces consonant singltons and never CC forms (clusters)
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Static rules can occur singly or in ____.
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combination
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T/F, can frequently postitional and inventroy constraints co-occur?
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True
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Example of static rules occuring in combo:
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child produces only /s, z, S/ but never /fv theta, eth/ and only proces /s, z, S/ in post vocalic position
(what is the inv const, posti const, which is context specifi?) |
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Dynamic Rules consist of what who type of rules?
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-allophonic rules
1. free variation 2. complimentary distribution -neutralization rules- phonemic collapse |
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What are the 2 types of allophonic rules?
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1. free variation
2. complimentary distribution |
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What kind of mapping do allophonic rules have?
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one to many
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What is free variation?
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sounds that co-occur in the same position for the same morpheme BUT do not signal a difference in meaning
ex. /tek/ /kek/ cake or /tot/ /kot/ coat |
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Anothe ex of free variaton in child:
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/it/ and /id/ for eat
/baet/ and/baed/ for bat shows that /t,d/ are allophones in free variation |
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Dynamic Distribution:
What is complimentary distribution? |
sounds that never co-occur in the same position.
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Can sound be mutually exclusive under complimentary dist, T/F?
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True, where one appears the other does not
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What is an example of compl dist?
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child who has /tS/ and /dg/ in compl dist
/dgurtS/ church /dgip/ jeep and cheap /dgap/ chop |
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Another ex. of compl dist:
Child who produces /d/ before high vowels and /g/ before low vowels |
-/di/ for tea, key /du/ for two, /do/ go
-/ga/ talk, top /g'uh'/ for duck, dog |
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Dynamic Rules:
What kind of mapping does neutralization have? |
many to one (i.e. a collapse of phonetic contrast)
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What is neutralization?
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Is when child has knowledge of 2 distinct phonemes but these phonemes are collapsed into one phonetic production
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What must be observed in order for neutralization to be present?
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3 types of evidence
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What are the 3 types of evidence have to be observed for neut to occur?
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1. presence of a phonemic contrast
2. absence of phonemic contrast 3. morphophonemic alterations |
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Presence of phonemic contrast: a phonemic contrast between the 2 phonemes must be ____ somewhere in child's ____syst. Sounds must 1st be functioning as ____ in child's syst before they can be neutralized.
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observed, phonological, phonemes
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Ex. of presence of phonemic contrast in child NB's speech:
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/b'uh's/ bus /b'uh'z/ buzz
/let/ late /lid/ lead /baet/ bat /baed/ bad /haus/ house /aut/ out /hos/ hose /hod/ hold |
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Absence of a phonemic contrast: this same phonemic contrast must be ____ in another very specific envmnt. Must be evidence to show sounds not ____ in certain contexts.
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absent, contrastive
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Example of absence of phonemic contrast in NB's speech:
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/b'uh't/ /b'uh's/ bus
/dwet/ /dwes/ dress /dut/ /dus/ juice |
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morphophonemic alterations:
different producitons of a sound in a ___ ___ when that same morpheme is placed in ___ envmtn. |
particular morpheme, new
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What is the name for when different sound productions occur in different contexts but for the same morpheme?
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morphophonemic alteration
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Examples of morphophonemic alterations between /s, t/ & /z,d/ in intervocalic positon in NB's speech:
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/b'uh's/ bus /b'uh'ti/ bussy
/dus/ juice /duti/ juicy /tSiz/ cheeze /tSidi/ cheezy /noz/ nose /nodi/ nosy |
