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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the science of human development seek to understand?
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how and why people change over time
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Which step of the scientific Method involves making a specific prediction?
a. draw conclusions b. test the hypothesis c. pose a question d. develop a hypothesis |
d. develop a hypothesis
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In the science of human development, nature refers to:
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genetic influences
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In the dynamic-systems approach, the word “systems” emphasizes that:
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a change in one part of a person’s life impacts other parts
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Which of the following is an example of an exosystem?
a. family b. historical setting c. church d. political climate |
b. Church
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Members of a cohort experience the same:
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historical events
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A person’s socioeconomic status includes:
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level of education
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Jada, age 5, is learning to speak Dutch. What is the primary domain of development?
a. psychosocial b. biological c. cognitive d. physical |
c. cognitive
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As we age, losses occur in some domains while gains are made in others. This is consistent with the ____________ nature of development.
a. multidirectional b. multicontextual c. multicultural d. multidisciplinary |
a. multidirectional
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The fetus develops fingers and toes between 21 and 50 days after conception. This is an example of:
a. a sensitive period. b. a critical period. c. discontinuity. d. continuity. |
b. a critical period.
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Values, customs, clothing, and dwellings are part of a group’s:
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culture
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Plasticity highlights the fact that a person’s:
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developmental traits can CHANGE over time.
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Which of the following is TRUE of scientific observation?
a. It requires a large number of participants. b. It requires specialized equipment such as video recorders. c. It involves observing and recording behavior. d. It must take place in a lab setting. |
c. It involves observing and recording behavior.
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In order to establish what causes a behavior, what research method must be used?
a. correlation b. experiment c. a case study d. scientific observation |
b. experiment
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In a study of the effects of nutrition on school performance, test scores would be a likely:
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dependent variable.
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A researcher has just completed a study on a serial killer, including his family history, life experiences, and opinions regarding his crimes. This is an example of a:
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case study.
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Which research method involves collecting data repeatedly on the same person as they age?
a. correlational b. longitudinal c. cross-sectional d. cross-sequential |
b. longitudinal
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Research that asks open-ended questions and obtains answers that are not easily translated into numbers is called:
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qualitative research.
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Lorena is collecting data on the frequency of driving collisions at a particular intersection. The data she is collecting is:
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quantitative.
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Developmental researchers are required to follow ________ that protect(s) the integrity of research.
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a code of ethics
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Dependent Variable
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In a experiment, the variable that may change as a result of whatever new condition or situation the experimenter adds.
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To say that something is empirical means that it is:
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based on data
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A hypothesis is best defined as:
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a specific prediction that can be tested.
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In the science of human development, nurture refers to:
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environmental influences.
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An example of a difference-equals-deficit error is:
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assuming that children who are deaf cannot talk as well as others.
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Six-month-old Caleb is grasping his rattle. What is the primary domain of development?
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biosocial
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The distinctive characteristic of development that says change does not always occur in a straight line is:
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multidirectional
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A critical period of development is a time when:
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certain things MUST occur for normal development.
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Uri Bronfenbrenner emphasized:
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an ecological-systems approach
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The “microsystem” includes:
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family and peers
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A group of people born within a few years of one another is called a:
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cohort.
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What does socioeconomic status refer to?
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social class
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People whose ancestors were born in the same region and who usually shared a language and a religion are called:
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an ethnic group
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Brain cells that respond to actions performed by someone else in the same way they would if the observer had done the action are:
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mirror neurons
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Which of the following is a LIMIT of observation as a research method?
a. It is not scientific. b. It does not provide information as to what causes behavior. c. It can’t be conducted in a laboratory setting. d. The results are quantitative. |
b. It does not provide information as to what causes behavior.
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Elsa wants to research preschoolers’ eating habits. She is reviewing video footage from four preschools taken during snack and lunch. Her method of study is:
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scientific observation.
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The only research method that can establish a cause-and-effect relationship is:
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an experiment.
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Research has found that a person’s activity level affects body weight. Which of the following is the dependent variable?
a. body weight b. activity level c. number of calories d. type of diet |
body weight
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Which of the following research methods involves the smallest number of subjects?
a. correlation b. experiment c. case study d. survey |
c. case study
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Which of the following research methods is the QUICKEST way of studying how relationships with our peers change with age?
a. cross-sectional b. longitudinal c. cross-sequential d. experimental |
a. cross-sectional
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Which is a drawback of quantitative research identified in the text?
a. It is vulnerable to bias and harder to replicate. b. It ignores cultural and contextual diversity. c. The data is often expressed with ranks and scales. d. It involves a larger number of participants. |
b. It ignores cultural and contextual diversity
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Psychoanalytic theory, learning theory, and cognitive theory all belong to the category of:
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Grand Theories
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Freud believed that the ______ was the focus of pleasurable sensation during infancy.
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mouth
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According to Freud, ______ is the most important activity during the anal stage.
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toilet training
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Each of Erikson’s developmental stages is characterized by a particular challenge or:
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crisis.
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In the industry vs. inferiority stage, children try to:
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master new skills
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Pavlov’s experiment in which he conditioned dogs to salivate after hearing a bell demonstrated what he called:
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classical conditioning.
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What did Harlow’s research reveal about infants’ attachment to their mothers?
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They are based on comfort and touch.
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The theory that most emphasizes learning through modeling is called:
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social learning theory
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Because of his hard work, Roman is a successful member of his high school debate team. He looks forward to his future success on the college debate team. This is an example of:
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self-efficacy
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Who focused on how children think?
a. Erikson b. Piaget c. Skinner d. Watson |
b. Piaget
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Which of the following is not one of Piaget’s Periods of Cognitive Development?
a. sensorimotor b. postoperational c. preoperational d. formal operational |
b. postoperational
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Which of Piaget’s Periods of Cognitive Development highlights thinking that is limited to what can be personally seen, heard, touched, and experienced?
a. preoperational b. formal operational c. concrete operational d. sensorimotor |
c. concrete operational
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The major distinction between grand and emergent theories is that grand theories:
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originated in psychology while emergent theories have multidisciplinary origins.
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_________ theory draws on research in education, anthropology, and history while _________ theory draws from biology, genetics, and neuroscience.
a. Sociocultural; behaviorism b. Cognitive; psychoanalytic c. Epigenetic; sociocultural d. Sociocultural, epigenetic |
d. Sociocultural, epigenetic
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According to sociocultural theory, beliefs about parenting, such as whether picking up a crying baby will “spoil” them, are shaped by:
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culture
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According to Vygotsky, which of the following would be MOST influential on a child’s learning?
a. repetition of information b. social experiences c. cognitive maturation d. genetic potential |
b. social experiences
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In sociocultural theory, the “zone” that includes all the skills, knowledge, and concepts that a person is close to acquiring but cannot yet master without help is:
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the zone of proximal development.
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Of the following theories, which places the greatest emphasis on the interaction between genes and the environment?
a. psychoanalytic b. cognitive c. sociocultural d. epigenetic |
d. epigenetic
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Most developmentalists prefer an eclectic perspective so they can:
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selectively use all the theories.
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When psychologists say that personality traits are due more to nature than nurture, they believe that the trait is:
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genetically determined.
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Which of the following is considered a grand theory?
a. emergent b. psychoanalytic c. systems d. sociocultural |
b. psychoanalytic
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Psychoanalytic theory originated with:
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Sigmund Freud.
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In order, Freud’s first three stages of psychosexual development are:
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oral, anal, phallic.
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Freud believed that sexual needs were quiet and psychic energy was put into schoolwork and sports during the:
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latency stage.
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When a 4-year-old attempts to put on her own shirt or make a cake with her own recipe, she is demonstrating:
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initiative
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Behaviorism is also referred to as:
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learning theory.
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The type of learning in which a reinforcer or punishment follows a particular behavior is called:
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operant conditioning
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Research involving monkeys and surrogate mothers was conducted by:
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Harry Harlow.
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In social learning theory, modeling is a process by which a person:
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observes the actions of others and then copies them.
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A feeling of self-confidence that an individual develops he or she has high aspirations and notable achievements is:
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self-efficacy.
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Piaget was primarily interested in:
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how children think
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In which of Piaget’s stages would one expect to see the development of an interest in ethics, politics, and social and moral issues?
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formal operational
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Piaget’s third period of cognitive development is:
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concrete operational.
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Epigenetic theory arises from:
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biology, genetics, and neuroscience.
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Which is the best example of sociocultural learning?
a. reading the textbook b. memorizing lecture notes c. how and what a person eats d. taking lecture notes |
c. how and what a person eats
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Which theorist stressed the role of culture and society?
a. Lev Vygotsky b. Sigmund Freud c. John Watson d. Harry Harlow |
a. Lev Vygotsky
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The zone of proximal development:
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describes what the learner could understand with guidance.
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Development is the result of an interaction between biological and environmental forces. This statement most closely describes:
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epigenetic theory.
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A psychologist who uses an eclectic approach during therapy:
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uses several theoretical perspectives.
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The debate concerning whether genes or the environment has the greatest impact on human development is referred to as:
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the nature vs. nurture controversy.
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