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178 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Describe the Purpose of an IP Address.
IP address is a logical network address that identifies a particular host. It must be configured properly & unique to communicate with other hosts over the Internet.
How does a host get an IP Address?
An IP address is assigned to the Network Interface connection for the host. Note: whether the NIC is on the motherboard or an NIC card determines where the IP address goes if either one is moved. The IP address goes with the NIC or the motherboard that has a built-in NIC.
Where do we find Network Interface connections?
Workstations
servers
network printers
router interfaces
IP phones
Servers with more than one NIC have more than one IP address.
What does the IP address in a packet do?
Network devices require that every packet, or datagram, contains a source and a destination IP address to ensure delivery of message and of replies.
Def: Logical Network Address
Network Layer address that refers to logical, not physical address. IP address for host, for example.
Def: Source IP Address
IP address of sender of packet or datagram.
IP Address: number of bits, structure of address form?
32 binary digits; 32 bit, in the form of four 8-bit bytes called octets. Each octet is shown in decimal form and separated by dots; hence, called dotted-decimal notation.
Dotted-decimal notation
In 32-bit IP addresses, octets of binary digits are translated into decimal notation and then separated into 255.255.255.255 form.
Def: IP Address
1) Host or network interface identification
2) Location addressing
IP Address: Servers
Some servers have multiple Network Interface Cards and so have multiple IP Addresses.
IP Address: Routers
Router interfaces that provide connections to an IP network also have an IP address because they behave as a host on a network.
IP Address: 32 bit addressing
32 ones and zeros form the IP Address. These binary digits are grouped into four sets of eight ones and zeros. Each set is called an octet. Each octet is translated into a decimal number readable by humans. These are separated by dots into, for example, 255.255.255.255, called dotted-decimal notation.
Def: Dotted-decimal notation
1)Translate four octets of a 32-bit binary digit address into decimals, then separate the decimals by dots to get something like 198.198.193.192.
Purpose of Dotted-decimal notation
easier to read and less likely to produce errors when keyboarding
IPv4
IPv4 is 32-bit.
IPv6
IPv6 is 128-bit. IPv6 addresses, as commonly displayed to users, consist of eight groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons, for example 2001:0db8:85a3:0042:0000:8a2e:0370:7334.
IPv4 & IPv6
IPv6, like the most commonly used IPv4 (as of 2012), is an Internet-layer protocol for packet-switched internetworking and provides end-to-end datagram transmission across multiple IP networks.
IPv6 specifications
RFC 2460, Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification, S. Deering, R. Hinden (December 1998)
IPv6 New Features
In addition to offering more addresses, IPv6 also implements features not present in IPv4. It simplifies aspects of address assignment (stateless address autoconfiguration), network renumbering and router announcements when changing network connectivity providers. The IPv6 subnet size has been standardized by fixing the size of the host identifier portion of an address to 64 bits to facilitate an automatic mechanism for forming the host identifier from link-layer media addressing information (MAC address). Network security is also integrated into the design of the IPv6 architecture, including the option of IPsec.
IPSec
Another option besides SSL, TLS, SSH...See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPsec
IPv6 & IPv4: How do they work together?
IPv6 does not implement interoperability features with IPv4, but essentially creates a parallel, independent network. Exchanging traffic between the two networks requires special translator gateways, but this is not generally required, since most computer operating systems and software implement both protocols for transparent access to both networks, either natively or using a tunneling protocol like 6to4, 6in4, or Teredo.
IP Address: Hierarchy
First three 3-space parts of dotted-decimal notation, or the first three octets, identify the network. The last one ids the host.
IP Address: Hierachy - Why use this form?
Router needs only to route packets to proper network; network sends to proper host.
IP address - What is most common form of IP address on Internet?
IPv4
How many bits are in an IPv4 address? How many in an IPv6?
IPv4 = 32 IPv6 = 128
How many possible IP addresses are there using the 32-bit addressing scheme?
2 to the power of 32, or, 4,294,967,296.
How many possible ip addresses are there using the 128-bit addressing scheme?
2 to the power of 128, or, 3.4 x 10 to the 38th power.
Binary octet?
128|64|32|16|8|4|2|1
Dotted decimal or Dot decimal notation
A common use of dot-decimal notation is in information technology where it is a method of writing numbers in octet-grouped base-10 (decimal) numbers separated by dots (full stops). In computer networking, Internet Protocol Version 4 addresses are commonly written using the quad-dotted notation of four decimal integers, ranging from 0 to 255 each.
Subnet Mask: What does it do?
Tells host which part of address is network and which part is host.
Subnet Mask
A 32-bit address mask used in IP to indicate the bits of an IP address that are being used to identify the network or subnet address.
Def: Subnet Mask
Address—The unique number ID assigned to one host or interface in a network.

Subnet—A portion of a network sharing a particular subnet address.
A 32-bit combination used to describe which portion of an address refers to the subnet and which part refers to the host.
How does the network know if a packet is local or not?
compares its subnet mask to its own IP address and to the destination. If the network bits match, the both the source and the destination are on the same network and the packet can be forwarded directly to the host through the switch. If not, the host sees that this is not my network and encapsulates the packet with the MAC address of the router and sends it to the router. The router inspects the packet and sends it to the correct network.
How does a host know which part of an IP address is the address of the network and which part is the address of the host?
By using a subnet mask.
How many bits is a subnet mask for IPv4 addresses?
32-bit.
What are two differences in subnet masking in IPv6?
What gets masked (which bits) & How the mask looks (notation)
How many bits is a subnet mask for IPv6 addresses?
128-bit.
How are the 128 bits of a subnet mask for IPv6 written?
128-binary digits divided into 16-bit words (meaning separated by dots).
How is the hexadecimal notation of an IPv6 subnet mask written?
As 8 hex words separated by colons:
FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF
Subnetting in IPV6 works differently from Subnetting in IPv4. How?
IPv4 & IPv6 subnet addresses both have network portion & device portion. Only IPv6 subnet address has dedicated subnetting portion.
What is network address range in IPv6 subnet?
Network Address Range
In IPv6, the first 48 bits are for Internet routing.
1111111111111111.1111111111111111.1111111111111111.0000000000000000.0000000000000000.0000000000000000.0000000000000000.0000000000000000
What is subnetting range in IPv6 subnet address?
Subnetting Range
The 16 bits from the 49th to the 54th are for defining subnets.
0000000000000000.0000000000000000.0000000000000000.1111111111111111.0000000000000000.0000000000000000.0000000000000000.0000
What is device range for IPv6 subnet address?
Device (Interface) Range:
The last 64 bits are for device (interface) ID's.
0000000000000000.0000000000000000.0000000000000000.0000000000000000.1111111111111111.1111111111111111.1111111111111111.1111
Where does the host get its subnet mask?
When the host is configured, the subnet mask is assigned along with the IP address.
How does a host use the subnet mask when examining a destination address?
It compares its own IP address and the destination IP address to the subnet mask from left to right, bit for bit.
After comparing the bits in its own IP address and the destination IP address using the subnet mask, what does a host know?
Whether the two addresses are on the same network.
What does the host do if the source and destination IP network addresses are different?
Sends the packet to the router to be sent on to the other network.
How does the host send the packet to the router when the destination is on another network?
It makes an arp request to find the MAC address of router and places the MAC address of the router in the header of the message so it goes to the router to be forwarded.
What does a hub do when it receives a message from one host connected to it for another host connected to it?
It "repeats" the message to every host connected to it. Those to whom it is not addressed ignore it.
What does a hub do when it repeats?
Sends a message from one host connected to it to all other hosts connected to it.
What is the difference between "repeat" and "broadcast"?
A hub repeats a single message from one host connected to it out to all hosts connected to it.
What do we call hosts connected by a hub or by a switch?
A local network.
What kind of message does one host use when it needs to address all hosts on the network at the same time?
The host sends a broadcast message.
What is a broadcast message on a local network?
A single message sent by one host to all hosts on a local network.
Why would a host on a local network use a broadcast message?
1) If the host needs information from another host on a local network and doesn't know which host has the information, a broadcast message is useful.
2) If the host has information from another host on a local network and doesn't know which host/s need/s the information, a broadcast message is useful.
What is the MAC address for a broadcast message?
1) It is a unique MAC address that is recognized by all hosts.
2) It is a 48-bit address made of all ones, usually represented in hexadecimal notation as FFFF.FFFF.FFFF.
Broadcast messages can have two kinds of addresses. Name them.
1. MAC addresses. (These are just for local networks.)
2. IP addresses.
What subnet masks do we see most often in SOHO networks?
1. 255.0.0.0 (8-bit)
2. 255.255.0.0 (16-bit)
3. 255.255.255.0 (24-bit)
How many bits are there in the subnet mask 255.0.0.0?
8 bits.
How many bits are there in the subnet mask 255.255.0.0?
16 bits.
How many bits are there in the subnet mask 255.255.255.0?
24 bits.
Why would we never see a subnet mask of 255.255.255.255?
Because there would be no way to identify the host. All of the IP address would be masked.
What does the dot-decimal subnet mask 255.255.255.0 look like in binary notation?
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000.
How do I calculate the number of hosts that can be on a network?
1) What is the number of host bits?
a) In a 24-bit mask, 8 bits.
b) In a 16-bit mask, 16 bits.
c) In an 8-bit mask, 24 bits.
2) Raise 2 to the power of the number of host bits. In example 1a, this means 2 to the power of 8, which is equal to 256.
3) Subtract 2 because the host address with all ones is reserved as a broadcast address and the host address with all zeros is reserved as the address for the network itself and thus both are unusable as host addresses.
Why subtract 2 from the total number of potential hosts on a network when calculated as 2 raised to the power of the number of bits available?
Because the host address with all ones is reserved as the broadcast address and the host address with all zeros is reserved as the network address.
What is the network address for the network that a host with IP address 192.198.1.1 resides on?
192.198.1.0
How can I determine the number of hosts available on an 8-bit network address without using the powers of 2?
Add up the values of the available host bits, which equal 255. From this, subtract 1 because the host address with all ones is reserved for the broadcast address.
What is true about the third and fourth octets in a 16-bit subnet mask that affects the broadcast address?
Both the third and fourth octects in a 16-bit mask contain all ones.
With a 16-bit mask, there are 16 bits (2 octets) for host addresses and the host address CAN have all ones in the third or fourth octet as long as the other octet does NOT have all ones.
IP address classes: How many are there?
Five classes.
What are Class A, B, and C for?
They are assigned to hosts.
What is class D for?
Multicast use.
What is class E for?
Experimental use.
Characteristics of Class C IP addresses:
A) 3 octets for network; 1 for hosts.
B) Default mask is 255.255.255.0, a 24-bit address.
C) Usually assigned to small networks.
Characteristics of Class B IP addresses:
A) 2 octets for networks; 2 for hosts.
B) Default subnet mask is 255.255.0.0, a 16-bit address.
C) Typically assigned to medium-sized networks.
Characteristics of Class C IP addresses:
A) 1 octet for network; 3 for hosts.
B) Default subnet address is 255.0.0.0, which is an 8-bit address.
3) Typically assigned to large organizations.
How do I determine the class of an IP address?
Ping the address; for example, from a cmd prompt in Windows, type "ping google.com." Look at the first octet and compare it to the ranges for the classes.
What is the range for Class A IP addresses?
1.0.0.0 through 127.0.0.0. This class provides for a 24-bit host part, allowing roughly 1.6 million hosts per network.
What is the range for Class B IP addresses?
128.0.0.0 through 191.255.0.0. This class allows for 16,320 nets with 65,024 hosts each.
What is the range for Class C IP addresses?
192.0.0.0 through 223.255.255.0. This class allows for nearly 2 million networks with up to 254 hosts.
What is the range for Classes D, E, and F?
Addresses falling into the range of 224.0.0.0 through 254.0.0.0 are either experimental or are reserved for special purpose use and don't specify any network. IP Multicast, which is a service that allows material to be transmitted to many points on an internet at one time, has been assigned addresses from within this range.
Description of Classes A through F
(From RFC 1365
The current network addressing scheme uses a 32-bit IP address that
has a network part and a local address part. The division between
the network part and the local address part has been defined in terms
of 5 address classes: class A, B, C, D, E. Of these, only class A,
B, C addresses are assigned to hosts. Class D is used for
multicasting and class E is reserved.

Class A has the highest order bit set to 0, a 7 bit network number
and a 24 bit host address.

Class B has the two higher order bits set to 10, a 14 bit network
number and a 16 bit host address.

Class C has the three higher order bit set to 110, a 21 bit network
number and a 8 bit host address.

Class D has the four higher order bits set to 1110.

Class E has four higher address bits set to 1111.
Status of Class F
RFC 1365 proposed a Class F standard. Last action on this was an Errata report on 12-07-2011. Seems to have been abandoned, as the problem it sought to solve, i.e., the need for more IP addresses, was solved by activation of IPv6.
Public IP address
All IP addresses except those reserved as private IP addresses.
RFC 1918
Standard that reserves several ranges of addresses in each of Class A, B, & C. See document at http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1918.
Private IP addresses for Class A:
1 network number reserved: 10.0.0.0.
Private IP addresses for Class B:
16 network numbers reserved: 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.0.0.
Private IP addresses for Class C:
256 network numbers reserved: 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.0.
Who uses the private IP addresses for Class A?
Very large networks use these private IP addresses, which provide over 16 million addresses.
Who uses the private IP addresses for Class B?
Medium-sized networks use these private IP addresses, which provide over 65,000 addresses.
Who uses the private IP addresses for Class C?
Home and small business networks (SOHOs) use these private IP addresses, which allow up to 254 hosts.
Which private IP address must a particular organization use?
Private addresses for Class A, B, or C can be used by any organization. Typically, many organizations use the Class A private network.
What is an IP address?
A logical network address that identifies a particular host.
Class A Network Address
1st Octet Range
1-127
Class A IP Address 1st octet bits
000000000-01111111 (initial zero in each 8-digit string does not change.)
Class A IP Address Network/Host parts of address:
N.H.H.H.
Class A IP Address Default Subnet Mask (decimal and binary)
255.0.0.0, also written as:
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
Class A IP Address Number of possible Networks
126 Networks
2 to the 7th power minus 2
Why do we subtract two when calculating the number of possible networks in a class or when calculating the number of possible hosts on a network?
Because the octet used for network addresses reservers the "11111111" address for broadcasts and reserves the "00000000" address for the network's own address.
Class B IP Address 1st Octet Range
128-191
Class B Address 1st Octet Bits
10000000-10111111 The initial "10" doesn't change throughout the range.
Class B IP Address Network/Host parts
N.N.H.H.
Class B IP Address Default subnet mask (decimal and binary)
255.255.0.0
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Class B IP Address Number of possible networks
(2 to the 14th power) minus 2
16,382 networks
Class B IP Address Number of possible hosts per network
(2 to the 18th power) minus 2
85,534 Hosts per network
Class C IP Address 1st octet range
192-223
Class C IP Address 1st Octet Bits
11000000-11011111
Initial 110 does not change throughout the range.
Class C IP Address Network/Host parts
N.N.N.H
Class C IP Address Default Subnet Mask
255.255.255.0
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Class C IP Address Number of possible Networks
(2 to the 21st power) minus 2
2,097,150 networks
Class C IP Address Number of Possible Hosts
(2 to the eighth power) minus 2
254 hosts per network
Class D IP Address 1st Octet Range
224-239
Class D IP Addresses 1st octet bits
11100000-11101111
Class D IP Address Use
Reserved for multicasts.
Class E 1st octet range
240-255
Class E IP Address 1st Octet Bits
11110000-11111111
Initial 1111 does not change throughout range.
Class A IP Address Use
Typically assigned to large organizations.
Class B IP Address Use
Typically assigned to large organizations.
Class C IP Addresses Use
Typically assigned to small networks.
What is the relationship between the terms "range" and "address"?
192.192.192.0 as a network address represents a range of possible addresses for hosts.
Subnet range ending in zero
This book describes the formula for obtaining the number of subnets differently than some previous Cisco courses and books. Previously, the same formula that was used to count hosts, 2n – 2, was used to count subnets. Now 2n subnets and 2n – 2 hosts are available. The 2n rule for subnets has been adopted because the all-1s subnet has always been a legal subnet according to the RFC, and subnet 0 can be enabled by a configuration command on Cisco routers (and, in fact, it's on by default in Cisco IOS Release 12.0 and later). Note, however, that not all vendor equipment supports the use of subnet 0.
What are the three layers of the Cisco 3-layered model?
1) Access Layer
2) Distribution Layer
3) Core Layer
In Cisco's 3-layered model, what does the 1st layer consists of?
Hosts and/or workstations, scanners, IP phones, printers, networked devices such as smart-home devices, etc.
In Cisco's 3-layered model, what does the 2nd layer consist of?
Aggregation point(s) for all access layer switches; participates core routing design; includes LAN-based routers and OSI layer 3 switches; ensures packets are properly routed between subnets and VLANs.
In Cisco's 3-layered model, what does the 3rd layer consist of?
Internet backbone. Provides fault isolation and backbone connectivity; must be highly reliable; hi-speed switching &

Cisco switches such as 7000, 7200, 7500, and 12000 (for WAN use)
Catalyst switches such as 6000, 5000, and 4000 (for LAN use)
T-1 and E-1 lines, Frame relay connections, ATM networks, Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS)
What security feature(s) do(es) the use of private addresses provide?
1) Only visible on local network
2) Those without access to the network cannot gain direct access to private IP address.
Name a special use of private addresses
Diagnostic testing of devices.
How is private addressing used for diagnostic testing of devices?
By using a loopback address.
What is the range for assigning a loopback address?
127.0.0.0 network range is reserved for loopback addresses.
What is a loopback address?
A private IP address in the 127.0.0.0 range used to diagnose devices.
Why don't we ever run out of Private IP Addresses?
A set of private addresses is available only within a network and thus is blocked by the router. The same set can be used in another network because it will be blocked by its router, as well.
Three kinds of IP addresses that describe the number of addressees:
1) Unicast -- to one addressee
2) Multicast -- to many addressees
3) Broadcast -- to all addressees [implied: all addressees within a/the network]
Unicast IP Address Packet & Ethernet Frame
(F) Dest MAC
(F) Source MAC
(F) (P) Source IP Address
(F) (P) Dest IP Address
(F) (P) User Data
(F) Trailer
Broadcast IP Address Packet & Ethernet Frame
(F) Dest MAC = FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FF
(F) Source MAC (sender's MAC)
(F) (P) Source IP (sender's IP)
(F) (P) Dest IP = X.X.X.255 (broadcast address on that network or subnet)
(F) (P) User Data
(F) Trailer
Broadcast IP Address
Host portion contains all ones in binary representation of IP address.
Examples of protocols that use Broadcast Addresses?
ARP and DHCP.
RFC 919
Establishes the "all-ones in host position" IP address as a broadcast address.
Which IP version(s) use(s) broadcast addresses?
Only IPv4. IPv6 uses multicast addressing to a group called the "all-hosts" multicast group [more on this later].
What is the broadcast address of a Class C network 192.168.1.0 with the usual Class C default subnet mask?
192.168.1.255.
The host portion is decimal 255 or binary 11111111 (all 1s).
What is the broadcast address of a Class B network of 172.16.0.0, with the usual Class B default mask?
172.16.255.255.
What is the broadcast address of a Class A network 10.0.0.0 with the usual Class A default subnet mask?
10.255.255.255.
Hierarchical
Using a tiered structure with multiple levels.
Hierarchical Addresses
An IP address is hierarchical because it has two parts, or level. The first part identifies the network, which is at a higher level, and the second part identifies the host, which is on a lower level.
Hierarchical Layers
The Cisco 3-Layer network model is a hierarchical model. Layer 3 is the core (Internet backbone); Layer 2 is where aggregation points are (switches, routers, etc.) and this is where traffic is handled. Layer 1 is the Access Layer, where hosts, printers, cameras, smart-home devices, etc. are.
Which Class of Network addresses offers the greatest number of hosts?
Class A has the greatest number of hosts.
Which Class of Network addresses offers the greatest number of networks?
Class C offers the greatest number of networks.
Which Class of Network addresses offers the least number of hosts?
Class C offers the least number of hosts (254).
Which Class of Network addresses offers the least number of networks?
Class A offers the least number of networks.
Classful system of IP addressing
IP address space separated into 5 classes.
Classless system of IP addressing
Treats all address space as being equal.
Classless system IP address network assignments
Any number of bits can be assigned to represent the network portion of an address. The rest of the bits represent the hosts.
CIDR
Classless interdomain routing
Classless IP assignment
Assignment and aggregation of prefix is generally done according to provider - subscriber relationships, since that is how the Internet topology is determined
CIDR Notation
Prefix shown as 4-octet quantity, like traditional IPv4 address, then the "/" then the decimal value betw 0 and 32 that tells number of significant bits.
CIDR Notation Example /16
Legacy "Class B" network 172.16.0.0 with implied mask of 255.255.0.0, in CIDR is prefix 172.16.0.0/16: "/16" tells that mask is a 32-bit value where the most significant 16 bits are ones and the least significant 16 bits are zeros.
CIDR Example /24
Legacy "Class C" network number 192.168.99.0 is defined as the prefix 192.168.99.0/24; the most significant 24 bits are ones and the least significant 8 bits are zeros.
Classless Addressing Advantage
Using classless prefixes with explicit prefix lengths allows more flexible matching of address space blocks according to actual need. Formerly only three network sizes were available: now prefixes may be defined to describe any power-of-two-sized block of between one and 2^32 end system addresses.
IANA
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority administers unallocated pool of addresses.
IANA Allocations
IANA allocates contiguous bit-aligned blocks of 2^24 addresses (a.k.a. /8 prefixes) to Regional Internet Registries as required.
RIR
Regional Internet Registries
allocate or assign smaller address blocks to Local Internet Registries (LIRs) or Internet Service Providers (ISPs).
LIR
Local Internet Registries
ISP
Internet Service Provider
Allocate v. Assign
"Allocate" and "Assign" in Internet address registry system; allocate = delegation of a block of address space to an organization that is expected to perform further sub-delegations; assign is for sites that directly use (i.e., number individual hosts) the block of addresses.
CIDR Table
RFC 4632 CIDR Address Strategy August 2006
notation addrs/block # blocks
-------- ----------- ----------
n.n.n.n/32 1 4294967296 "host route"
n.n.n.x/31 2 2147483648 "p2p link"
n.n.n.x/30 4 1073741824
n.n.n.x/29 8 536870912
n.n.n.x/28 16 268435456
n.n.n.x/27 32 134217728
n.n.n.x/26 64 67108864
n.n.n.x/25 128 33554432
n.n.n.0/24 256 16777216 legacy "Class C"
n.n.x.0/23 512 8388608
n.n.x.0/22 1024 4194304
n.n.x.0/21 2048 2097152
n.n.x.0/20 4096 1048576
n.n.x.0/19 8192 524288
n.n.x.0/18 16384 262144
n.n.x.0/17 32768 131072
APIPA (Acronym)
Automatic Private IP Addressing
What is APIPA?
Private address range reserved by Microsoft. Used when a DHCP client automatically self-configures an IP Address and subnet mask when a DHCP server is not available.
What is the APIPA range?
169.254.0.1 through 169.254.255.254 with subnet mask of 255.255.0.0.
Static IP Addressing
Network Administrator manually configures IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway.
Static IP Addressing advantage
Network Administrator has more control over the flow of information on the network.
Static IP Addressing disadvantage
Configuring each host is more work for Network Administrator.
Static IP Addressing advantage
Useful for printers, servers, and other network devices so clients can consistently access at same IP Address.
Static IP Addressing disadvantage
When admin assigns IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway, host only performs basic error checking on the IP address. Errors can occur.
Static IP Addressing disadvantage
When admin assigns IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway, host only performs basic error checking on the IP address. Errors can occur.
Static IP Addressing disadvantage
Admin must keep list of IP Addresses assigned to hosts and devices. IP Addresses are not typically reused.
Which protocol supports Dynamic IP Addressing?
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DHCP Acronym
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DHCP configuration of Host
Configure host as DHCP client. It does not yet have IP addy, subnet mask, or default gateway.
Host as DHCP client needs info
Obtains info from DHCP server -- could be on local network or ISP.
Host needs DHCP info
1. send DHCP discover broadcast destination IP addy 255.2555.255.255 and destination MAC addy FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FF
2. All ntwrk hosts receive; only DHCP server replies with DHCP offer.
3. Host sends DHCP requests offered IP address.
4. DHCP send Acknowledgment.