Ccna Chapter 2

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refers to an organized description of all of the functions needed for useful communications to occur.

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networking model or networking architecture

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the most pervasive networking model in the history of data networking.

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TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

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the first large effort to create a vendor-neutral networking model that could be added to any and every computer in the world.

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OSI - Open Systems Interconnection Model

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took on the task in the late 1970s of creating the OSI networking model

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International Organization for Standardization (IOS)

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Who were the creators of TCP/IP

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Researchers at various universities volunteered to help further develop the protocols surrounding the original US Defense Departmetn's work

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a document used as the primary means for communicating information about the TCP/IP protocols. Some are designated by the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) as Internet standards, and other sare informational. They are available online from numerous sources.

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RFC - Request for Comments

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when a particular layer wants to communicate with the same layer on another computer

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same-layer interaction

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What is used when one layer wants to communicate with the same layer on another computer?

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Header

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provides an interface between software running on a computer and the network itself

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Application Layer (TCP/IP)

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provides services to the application layer by using acknowledgments and error recovery

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Transport Layer (TCP/IP)

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works like the post office; IP defines addresses so that each computer can have a different IP address, just like the postal service defines addressing that allows unique addresses for each house.

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Internetwork Layer (TCP/IP)

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logical addresses that allow each TCP/IP speaking device to communicate. Defines routing - the process of how a router should forward, or route, packets of data.

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IP addresses

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the layer that defines how to connect the host computer, which is not part of the network, to the network; it is the interface between the computer and the network.

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Network Interface Layer (TCP/IP)

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describes the process of putting headers and trailers around some data.

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encapsulation

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includes the TCP or UDP header but not the IP header or data link header or trailer

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segment

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includes the IP header but not any data link headers

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packet

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defines all of the encapsulated data

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frame

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defines the interface between the communications software and any applications that need to communicate outside the computer on which the application resides.

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Application Layer (OSI)

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This layer's main purpose is to define data formats such as ASCII text, EBCDIC text, binary, BCD, and JPEG.

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Presentation Layer (OSI)

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defines how to starrt, control, and end conversations. Includes the control and management of multiple bidirectional messages so that the application can be notified if only some of a series of messages are completed.

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Session Layer (OSI)

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focuses on issues related to data delivery to the other computer - for instance, error recovery, segmentation of large application data blocks, into smaller ones for transmission, and reassembly of those blocks of data on the receiving computer.

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Transport Layer (OSI)

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defines end-to-end delivery of packets. Defines logical addressing so that any endpoint can be identified. Also defines how routing works and how routes are learned so that the packets can be delivered

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Network Layer (OSI)

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This layer's specifications deliver data across one particular link or medium.

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Data Link Layer (OSI)

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This layer's specifications deal with the physical characteristics of the transmission medium.

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Physical Layer (OSI)

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Telnet, HTTP, FTP, WWW browsers, NFS, SMTP

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Application Layer (OSI)

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JPEG, ASCII, EBCDIC, TIFF, GIF, PICT

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Presentation Layer (OSI)

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RPC, SQL, NFS, AppleTalk, ASP

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Session Layer (OSI)

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TCP, UDP, SPX

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Transport Layer (OSI)

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IP, IPX, AppleTalk DDP

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Network Layer (OSI)

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IEEE 802.3, HDLC, Frame Relay, PPP, FDDI, ATM

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Data Link Layer (OSI)

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EIA/TIA - 232, v.35, RJ-45, Ethernet, 802.3

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Physical Layer (OSI)

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one vendor can write software that implements higher layers and another can write software that implements the lower layers

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Modular Engineering

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represents the bits that include the headers and trailers for that layer, as well as the encapsulated data.

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Protocol Data Unit (PDU)