Ccmrs Chapter 2: Stuctures, Virulence Factors, Toxins

Front 1

Virulence (definition)

Back 1

Measure of pathogenicity of an organism.

Front 2

Basal Body

Back 2

Protein that anchors a flagellum to the inner and outer membranes of a bacteria.

Front 3

Chemotaxis

Back 3

Cellular movement in direction of increasing chemical attractant gradient

Front 4

Polar bacteria...

Back 4

... have only one flagellum at a specific end of the cell.

Front 5

Peritrichous flagella...

Back 5

... are flagella that are located all around the body of the cell (AKA non-polar).

Front 6

What is another name for pili, and what are they?

Back 6

"Fimbriae"

Straight filaments that jut out from a bacteria's body.

Front 7

What is the function of pili?

Back 7

They serve as "adhesins"

They allow the bacteria to bind to cellular structures... without these.. bacteria lose their virulence.

Front 8

What is the structure and function of bacterial capsules?

Back 8

Simple sugar residues ("Bacillus Anthracis" is unique b/c it has an AA residue capsule)

Capsules discourage phagocytosis of the bacteria by immune cells.

Front 9

Name two special tests that allow doctors to visualize capsules under the microscope.

Back 9

India Ink Stain

Quellung Reaction

Front 10

What does the Quellung Reaction do, and how is it performed?

Back 10

It is a special test for bacterial capsules.

It is performed by applying capsule-binding antibodies to bacteria... which causes them to swell (which is then visualized under a microscope)

Front 11

What does the "India Ink Stain" do and how?

Back 11

The stain allows visualization of bacterial capsules.

India ink does NOT stain the capsule but does stain the cell. Microscopically, the cell can be visualized as a cell with a halo around it.

Front 12

What is one way the immune system can manage to phagocytose encapsulated bacteria?

Back 12

By opsonization of bacteria with antibodies.

Front 13

Name all the bacteria that form endospores.

Are they gram negative or positive?

Back 13

Bacillus

Clostridium

Gram Positive

Front 14

What are the 5 layers of an endospore? (From inside to outside)

Back 14

Inner Cell Membrane (surrounds DNA)
Thick Peptidoglycan Layer
2nd Cell Membrane
Keratin-like wall
Outer Exosporium Layer

Front 15

Name the 8 facultative intracellular bacteria.

Back 15

Listeria Monocytogenes

Salmonella Typhi

Yersinia

Francisella Tularensis

Brucella

Legionella

Mycobacterium

Nocardia

Front 16

What are 5 types of exotoxins?

Back 16

Neurotoxins

Enterotoxins

Pyrogenic exotoxins

Tissue Invasive exotoxins

Miscellaneous exotoxins

Front 17

What are the two types of enterotoxins?

Back 17

Infectious Diarrhea (ex. vibrio cholera, E. coli, shigella dysenteriae)

Food Poisoning (bacillus cereus, staph. aureus)

Front 18

What are the two subunits of exotoxins?

Back 18

B (for "Binding")

A (for "Action')

Front 19

What is endotoxin and how is it released?

Back 19

Lipid A (part of LPS)

It either sheds off as the bacteria moves or is released in large amounts as the bacteria is lysed

Front 20

Name the two most important endogenous mediators of septic shock.

Back 20

TNF (causes hypotension, cachexia, triggers release of IL-1)

IL-1 (released by macrophages adn endothelial cells, triggers release of other cytokines and prostaglandins)

Front 21

The most important principle of treatment is to find the _______ and the _______ and _________ it!

Back 21

The most important principle of treatment is to find the site of infection and the bug and eradicate it!

Front 22

4 bacteria that produce exotoxins that increase levels of cAMP:

Back 22

c = cholera

A = anthrax

M = Montezuma's revenge (E. coli)

P = pertussis (Bordetella)