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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what prohibits all three anti-abortion countermeasures (violence, property, harassment)
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FACE Act
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neither ____ nor ____ motivates the political criminal
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greed, need
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Reactions to Terrorism tends to be ____ for acts against the government and tends to be ___ for crimes by the government
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harsh, mild
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Criminal sentence that suspends or delays correctional term in prison or jail, so that instead of being incarcerated, offenders return to community in which they must: abide by certain conditions set by the court, be supervised by a probation officer
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probation
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planned community release, and supervision of incarcerated offenders before the expiration date of their full sentence
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Parole
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Unintended consequences of incarceration for drugs
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-increase of drug offenders in prison
-crack market recruit young replacements -sellers in street market carry guns -guns diffused to other youth -young men always resolve disputes by fighting |
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What is the experimental audit that involved: two teams of 23 year olds male college students apply for real job openings in Milwaukee, WI, and who was in charge of it
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“The Mark of a Criminal Record- Devah Pager
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an offender’s return to crime
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Prisoner Recidivism
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risk of recidivism declines dramatically after __ year and __ year after release is crucial to success
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3rd, 1st
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prior criminal record is a ___ predictor of future criminality
-employers ___aware of this relationship and use it to screen risk of recidivism ____ as people with criminal records stay arrest free -employers ____ so aware of this relationship |
strong, are
declines, are not |
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___ Amendment- protects against abuse of government authority in a legal procedure
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5th
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___amendment- prohibits fed. government from imposing excessive bail, excessive fines, or cruel and unusual punishment
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8th
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provides a broad definition of citizenship, overruled Dred Scott decision
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citizenship clause
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prohibits state/local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without certain steps being taken.
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due process clause
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in ___ v. ____ SCOTUS ruled that the DP constituted cruel and unusual punishment in violation of 8th Amendment
Furman argued that capital cases resulted in arbitrary and capricious sentencing punishment is cruel and usual if… -its too severe for the crime -if its arbitrary -if it offended society’s sense of justice -if it was more effective than a less severe penalty |
Furman v. Georgia
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in ___ v. ____ -required the sentencing judge or jury to take into account specific aggravating and mitigating circumstances in deciding which convicted murders should be sentenced to death
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Greggs v. Georgia
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What are some pro arguments for the Death Penalty
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moral arguments
-retribution calls for death penalty utilitarian arguments (deterrence) -ehrich: each execution between 1933-1969 prevented between 7-8 murders Economic Arguments: death penalty should theoretically be less expensive than life imprisonment |
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What are some con arguments for the Death Penalty
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Moral argument: Capital Punishment isn’t moral. State does not have right to take life
Utilitarian Argument (Deterrence): No convincing evidence that capital punishment deters -many capital crimes cannot be deterred economic argument: death penalty is more expensive than life sentence other arguments: 1) mistakes are unavoidable/irreversible 2) death sentence imposed in unfair and discriminate way (ex: by race, jurisdiction, even politics) |
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In ____ v. _____ US S.C. racial discrimination, has to prove decision makers acted without a discriminatory purpose
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McCleskey v. Kemp
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The killing of four or more victims at one location on a single occasion.
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Mass Murder
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Killing at two or more locations with almost no time break between murders.
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Spree Murder
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kill in response to voices or visions
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Visionaries
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thrill seekers, murders for comforts/profits/pleasures
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Hedonist
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enjoy power and control over helpless victims and enjoy watching them beg and suffer for mercy
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Power/control
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The victim’s contribution to his/her own harm by being the first to use or threaten violence .
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Victim Precipitation
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Criminally Violent offenders-
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Violence as a Means to an End
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situationally violent offenders
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“Crimes of Passion”
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pathologically violent offenders
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Mentally Ill and Those with Brain Damage
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You are most likely to be stabbed, shot, beaten, or abused in ______________________
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your own home or in the home of one of your friends, relatives, or acquaintances.
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common cause of on the job deaths
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workplace violence
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sexually inexperienced youths trying to dominate their victims
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Naive Graspers
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typical rapists, the date rapists
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Meaning Stretchers
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combines sexuality and aggression
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Sadistic Rape
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use women as sex objects
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Sex Looters
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A code of conduct requiring that males defend their sense of honor.
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Machismo
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most prevalent crime in the US
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larceny
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most _______ burglaries take place during the day
most _______ burglaries take place during the night |
residential, commercial
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_______ found out that burglars followed a specific script in and out
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Decker and Wright
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juvenile gangs who engage in larceny, burglary, robbery, etc
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Mercenary crime-
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major goal is psychological gratification rather than profit
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In-group oriented
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what most think of to when speaking of organized crime
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syndicate crime
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3 features of syndicate crime
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-continung group or organization that participates in illicit acitivity in any society by use of force, intimidatory or threats
-purpose is to provide illicit services for which there is a strong public demand through use of secrecy on part of the associates -assurance of protection and immunity- political corruption or avoidance of prosecution |
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What are some classic patterns of organized crime?
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-loan sharking, assault, blackmail, bribery, narcotics, labor racketeering
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What are the four myths of street gangs?
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1) they are highly organized
2) street gangs are all violent 3) street gangs control drug distribution in our cities 4) LA Gangs franchise drug distribution to the rest of the country |
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According to the ethnicity succession theory what does organized crime act as?
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-an alternative means of upward mobility for ethnic minorities
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What are the three steps to money laundering?
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1. placement 2. layering 3. laundering
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What is the common place for money laundering?
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casinos
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What are the 4 goals of punishment/correction?
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1. retribution 2. incapacitation 3. rehabilitation 4. deterrence
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What is a booster?
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-Professional Shoplifter, deals with fences
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Which professionals supplement legitimate incomes by stealing?
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Shadow Professionals
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What is the most common type of shoplifter?
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-snitches (amateur shoplifter)
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What is the most common type of vandalism?
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-wanton vandalism “Senseless destruction”
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Occasional offenders have ______ societal reaction and identify with _______ values and are _____ deterred
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Mild/ middle-class/easily
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Conventional offenders have _______ societal reaction and identify with _________ values and are ____ deterred
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Strong/Lower-class/less easily
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Who occasional deals stolen goods?
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neighborhood fence
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Who sells stolen goods with legitmate merchandise?
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Outlet fence
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Who is a major dealer of stolen goods?
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Professional fence
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Who is involved in entire theft, beginnign with the planning stage?
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Master fence
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Who are unique in willingness to use force?
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Professional robbers
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What theory believes that property crime peaks in a person’s teens and rapidly declines
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Developmental/life course theories
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What emphasizes material success without the provision of legitimate opportunity?
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Anomie Theory
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Individuals learn and become socialized to criminal activity according to……
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Differential Opportunity Theory
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What act was made to forbid monopolies and make price fixing a felony?
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Sherman Antitrust Act
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When labor officials and negotiators secretly make a deal to disadvantage workers whom the labor officials are supposed to represent called?
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Sweetheart Contract
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When one under charges friends and overcharges to pocket the difference called?
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employee pilferage
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Kickbacks, price fixing, commercial bribery, and corporate dumping are what types of crime?
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corporate crime
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Occupational and organizational offenders ____ view themselves as criminals
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do not
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what theory believes individuals are rational decision makers who seek pleasure and avoid pain?
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rational choice theory
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what theory argues that profit at all cost has come to dominate institutions in modern society?
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institutional anomie theory
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who are politically motivated criminals?
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convictional criminals
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human rights violations committed as the result of carrying out orders are not justifiable
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nuremburg principle
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This group satys in drug business in order to feed their habits
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-Dope Friends
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New jacks view illegal drug sales ___________
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as their career
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Who mature out of gangs?
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Legits
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Organized crime thrives in ________ and _________
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Liberal Democracies and Corrupt dictatorships
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What are crimes without victims and what are some examples?
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public order criminal behavior. Prostitution, Alcohol and Drugs, Homosexuality
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Who came up with Broken Windows Theory
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Wilson and Kelling
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Who are customers of prostitution
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Johns
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What are two types of homosexuals
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Situational and Preferential
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Most molesters know the _________________
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the victim or victim’s family
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