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186 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What structure seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
Diaphragn
What cavity contains the stomach gall bladder pancreas intestines liver spleen adrenal glands and kidneys?
Abdominal
What function do platelets and thrombocytes have?
They adhere to damaged blood vessel walls and release enzymes that activate hemostasis which stops bleeding (coagulates)
What is in vitro?
Test tube/inside
What is in vivo?
studies on living tissues/animals
What is epidemiology?
The study of the prevelance of disease
What are the main functions of blood?
Blood carries nutrients oxygen and horomones. Removes metablolic waste, CO@ and provides immunity through antibodies. It maintains body temperature.
What is anemia
Low RBC
What is erythrocytosis
Increase or high level of RBCs
What are the four major blood types?
A AB B O
What blood type is the universal donor
O negative
Blood and lymph ca be checked by chemical tests and coagulation studies. What are the five common tests used for direct examination of blood?
1) CBC --> Blood cell count
2) Hemoglobin --> measures the O2 carrying ability
3) Hematocrit --> measures the volume of erythorcytes
4) Sedementation rates --> how long it takes erythrocytes to settle
5)Retriculocyte study --> The # of immature RBCs
Name the 3 layers of the vessel walls
Tunica intima (innermost)
Tunica media (middle
Tunica adventitia (outermost)
What are the arteries that act as a control valve through which blood is metered to the capillaries?
Arterioles --> control blood
What are capillaries and why are they considered microvessels?
Capallaries are the smallest blood vessels and part of the microcirculation. They are only 1 cell thick and they connect arterioles and venules
What vessel contains deoxygenated blood from peripheral tissue?
Veins
What are the distint layers of the heart?
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
What is the pericardium?
The sac surrounding the heart. Provides protection
What is the function of the left atrium and right atrium?
RA and LA both act as temporary storage chambers so that blood is readily available for ventricular filling
What 3 vessels carry CO2 to the right atrium?
IVC SVC and CS carry CO2 to RA
What are the functions of the right and left ventricle?
The ventricles are the main pumping chambers for the systemic circulation (LV) and the pulmonic circulation (RV)
If a patient has chest pain and is given morphine, what effect would it typically have?
Morphine relieves pain and anxiety caused by MI. It helps prevent further damage to the heart by decreasing the blood pressure. It causes severe nausea and decreases respiration rate
What is the foramen ovale?
A structure in embryo to bypass the lungs. A shunt from RA to LA
What is the ductus arteriosus?
A structure in embryo connecting the pulmonary trunk to the aorta.
Autorhythmic activity of the heart can be modified by what branch of the nervous system?
Autonomic nervous system
- Parasympathetic
- Sympathetic
What does the cardiovascular system consist of?
Heart blood vessels and blood
What are the 3 main functions of the cardiovascular system?
1. Transport of nutrients oxygen and metabolic waste removal
2. Protecting by WBCs and antibodies
3. Regulation of body temperature, fluid PH and H2O content in cells
Where is the highest O2 saturation in the fetal circulation found?
In the veins of the umbilical cord
What is a false positive test?
Positive test but NO disease present
What is a false negative test?
Negative test but disease IS present
What are the inherant rates for the SA, AV and Perkinje fibers?
SA node = 60-100 bpm
Av node = 40-60 bpb
Perkinje fibers = 20-40 bpm
How many weeks does it take for the heart to completely form?
7 weeks
In the fetal heart what does the bulbus cordes form?
The LV and RV
What is pectus carinatum?
Pertusion of chest (outward) pigeon
What is pectus excavatum?
Depression of the chest (inward)
What is the crux of the heart?
Where all 4 chambers come together in the back of the heart
What is automaticity?
The ability of the heart to start and maintain rhythmic activity without the use of the nervous system
If standing, venous return and ventricular filling will?
Pressure will decrease and there will be less ventricular filling
What does the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system have on the heart?
Increases heart rate and contractility. Decreases the AV conduction time
What is blood pressure?
The force of blood against the walls of the heart. Systolic is highest. Diastole is lowest
What is pulse pressure?
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
Which of the following coronary artiers provides blood to the anerior walls of the LV?
LAD
Which coronary artery provides blood to the RV?
RCA
Which coronary artery provides blood to the inferior septal walls in right dominant?
PDA
What is the absolute or effective refractory period of the heart?
When the heart is unable to respond to electrical stimulant
If a person is walking, what is the main mechanism responsible to returning the venous blood to the heart?
Calf muscle contraction
Coronary artery perfusion occurs from?
Epicardium to endocardium (outer to inner)
What vessel in the body contains the largest volume of blood?
Veins and venules
What are the normal left and right heart oxygen saturation levels?
Right = 76%
Left= 98%
In comparing the systemic circulation to the pulmonary circulation. Which has the higher pressure, higher resistence, higher oxygen content, thicker ventricular and vessel walls and lower CO2 levels?
Systemic circulation
Name the components of the pulmonary circulation?
RV to Pul Artery to Pul Branches to Pul Capillaries to Pul Veins
80 mm is the same as how many centimeters?
8 cm
2 meters per second can be written as how many cm per sec
200 cm/se
Depolarization of the ventricle occurs with the onset of which EKG complex?
QRS
What are the 4 phases of the Action potential curve?
Phase 0-1 Cardiac rapid cell depolarization (sodium rapidly enters and potassium leaves)
Phase 2 Early rapid repolarization (sodium re-enters and potassium leaves)
Phase 3 Plateau phase (coinsides with ST segment) Calcium re enters
Phase 4 Resting
What vessel has the lowest O2 saturation
Coronary sinus 60%
A common word for sternum is ?
Breastbone
What is under the skin referred to
Sub cutaneous
Hypodermic
What does the word stetho mean?
Chest
Before a medical procedure a patient should sign an informed consent. What are 2 general principles concerning informed consent?
1. Must be signed by patient PRIOR to procedure
2. Informed consent protects everyone
What is the function of the spleen?
Filters plasma and dead blood cells and stores blood
What is the function of the hepatic veins
Drains directly to the IVC to drain de oxygenated blood from the liver (after 120 days)
Performing treatment without the patients informed consent, the physican runs the risk of suit for?
Assault and battery
What statute generally protects a physician from civil liability in cases of rendering emergency care if done with good faith and due caution?
Good samaritan status
What could a WBC count of 22,000 indicate
Systemic infection
What is the normal range for WBCs
4000-11000
What is the universal donor?
O negative - can only receive from itself
What is the universal acceptor?
AB + can receive from all but only gives to itself
What is the first downward deflection on the EKG that follows the P wave?
Q wave
What does the QRS complex consist of?
Q wave R Wave and S wave
What does the QRS represent on EKG
Ventricular depolarization/contraction
What is the normal time duration for the QRS complex
0.06 to 0.12
What is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary artery
Wat is present in blood that causes RBC to appear read
Oxyhemoglobin
What nerves regulate the heart beat?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
What happens when the parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated?
Heart rate decreases
Lying on the stomach is referred to as?
Prone position
What does QID mean?
4 times a day
What does Stat mean?
Immediately
What does BID mean?
2 times a day
Disinfectants destroy what?
Bacteria
Whaere does V1 go when placing an electrode on a patients chest?
4th intercostal space at Rt Sternal border
What percordial lead is places 5th intercostal space down mid-auxillary
V6
What would you consider a heart rate that is regular and a HR of 98.6 bpm
Normal sinus rhythm
What 3 vessels arise from the arch of the aorta
Brachiocephalic
Lt CCA
Lt Subclavian
Which vessel is the first to arise from the arch of the aorta
Brachiocephalic
What does the T wave represent
repolarization of the ventricles
What is the normal EKG paper speed
25 mm/sec
What is the normal O2 saturation for the right heart?
75%
What is the normal O2 saturation for the left heart?
98%
Do the pulmonary veins have a high oxygen saturation level?
Yes, highest in the body
What sensors are used for a 2 lead EKG
RA negative
Left Leg Postivie
What are the four reasons a patient may have a wandering baseline EKG
Movement
bad sensor
oily skin
bad preparation (poor lead connection)
What percent is the normal arterial O2 saturation level?
93-98%
What is the refractory period?
The time immediately following a stimulus to cardiac muscle and will not respond to a new stimulus
What ion enters the heart cell in systole to make the heart contract
Calcium
What is the voltage of a resting cardiac muscle cell
-90 millivolts
What are the 3 main coronary arteries
RCA LA CX
When does the coronary blood flow occur?
Diastole
What is the first thing you should do according to the american heart association if an adult patient collapses and is unresponsive?
Call 911
What rhythm has a wide QRS, regular rhythm and HR > 150 bpm
V-tach
Is v-tach considered a lethal rhythm?
Yes
What is the inherant firing rate of the AV junctional tissue
40-60bpm
Heart rates between 60-100 bpm are considered ....
Normal sinus rhythm
HR bvelow 60 bpm are considered?
Sinus bradycardia
Rapid discharge of numerous irritable automaticity foci in the atrias describe what arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation
In fetal development, what occurs around the 22nd day helping form the great arteries and ventricles?
Cardiac looping occurs (usually rightward)
From the fetal heart, sinus venosus becomes what in the adult heart?
Coronary sinus
In the fetal aortic arch system, which of the arches persist into adult life?
3 4 and 6
Name the 3 channels of communication in fetal circulation that close shortly after birth
Ductus arteriosus
foraman ovale
ductus venosus
During embyologic development the pulmonic valve and aortic valves are formed from which structure?
Trunctus arteriosus
What is the term used to describe mid to late diastolic equalization of atrial and ventricular pressures?
Diastatis
What term describes how blood moves through a vessel at the center at a higher velocity than the blood along the vessel wall?
laminar parabolic flow
What nerve supplies the SA node and controls HR?
Parasympathetic nerve --> Vagus nerve
Would a patient that spreads fecal contamination be a candidate for enteric isolation technique?
Yes
What is enteric isolation?
Avoidance of any contact with bodily fluids
True or false. Both diastolic blood pressure and auto regulation influence coronary blood flow?
True
A person can go into shock if the cardiac index falls below what number?
< 2 l/m/m*
What is the most important blood cell?
RBC --> the oxygen transporting cell
Briefly describe the blood flow direction in the pulmonary circulation?
RV --Pul Valve -- Pulmonary artery/trunk -- lungs --Pul veins
What occurs in the lungs during respiration?
Pulmonary artery carry blood to lungs where RBCs release CO2 and pick up oxygen
Are rales (moist crackles in lungs) considered a normal condition?
No lungs should be dry and clear
What is anaphylaxis?
Severe allergic reaction
What are common assessment findings of anaphylaxis?
Cardiac and respiratory distress, facial swelling, vomitting and abdominal pain
What are 4 causes of anaphylaxis?
Latex
insect bites
food
medication
What is urticaria
Hives - raised itchy red welts on skin surface caused by allergic reaction
What is pruritus
Itching
What is hypothermia
Low body temperature/excessive heat loss
Name two primary areas of the body that are vulneralble in hypothermia
Back of neck
head
Why are patients requested to record the time of blow movements when wearing a holter monitor?
Bowel movements increase HR. (due to valsalva)
Vagal stimulation of the heart will?
Decrease HR in SA node (Vagus is a parasympathetic nerve)
The RV is approximately how many times thinner than the LV
two to three times
How many lung lobes are there typically on the left and right side of the sternum?
Right = 3
left = 2
What are these measurements of:
mm?
CC?
CM*?
Mm = distance
cc= volume
cm* = area
What layer of the heart makes the heart contract?
Myocardium
What is the thick middle layer of the heart called?
Myocardium
What are the sections of the aorta?
Aortic root
Annulus
sinus of valsalva
sinotubidal junction
Ascending aorta
aortic arch
descending aoirta
What are the boundaries of the ascending aorta?
Aortic root to the 1st branch of aortic arch (brachiocephalic)
What are the boundaries of the aortic arch?
Brachiocephalic to Lt subclavian
How many cm in a meter?
100
How many cm in 2 meters?
200
What is the name of the valve by the IVC
Eustachian valve
The normal range for WBCs in adult males
5000-10000
What are the 3 common sense principals of transporting patients?
1. always get adequate assistance when necessary
2. use lower body strength (legs)
3. When moving ambulatory patients from wheelchair to bed - bend knees and put 1 foot between their legs and the other close to bed
How do you transport patients involving wheelchairs?
Lock big wheels and move foot rest to the side
When entering an elevator with a patient in a wheel chair you should?
Back in for quick and safe exit
What are the 3 main methods of oxygen administration used in medical setting?
nasal cannula
nasal prong
tank
What are the 3 planes that are used to describe the body in relation to anatomic structures?
Dorsal
Ventral
cranial
caudal
What direction correlates to dorsal
Posterior
What direction correlates to ventral
Anterior
What direction correlates to cranial
Superior
What direction correlates to caudal
Inferior
What system is the liver, pancreas endocrine glands thymus gland and gallbladder part of
Digestive system
What are the precordial leads?
Chest leads
What term corresponds to towards midline
Medial
What term corresponds to away from midline
Lateral
What term corresponds to close to a location
Proximal
What term corresponds to further away from the location
Distal
The major pathway of blood circulation to the brain is through the ....
Carotid arteries
When a patient is in respiratory distress, what are a few ways in which they could be positioned to help with breathing?
Sitting up
45 degree angle
mid fowlers (semi-sitting)
Reverse trendlenberg (head up)
If a patient is in shock what would be a good position to put them in?
Trendlenburg (legs elevated)
What are teh 5 areas of electrical conduction pathway?
SA Node
AV node
bundle of hiss
left/right bundle branches
purkinje fibers
Should IV bags be kept above, at level or below the level of the IV site?
Above
If a patient has a foley catheter in place, should the bag be placed above, level with or below the waist?
Below the waist
What is malpractice?
Harmful practice that injures another person
What is consent
Permission granted voluntarily and in sound mind
What is the primary goal of the code of ethics
Moral obligation to do good.
What is the difference between negligence and liability?
Liability = legally responsible for our actions towards patients
Negligence = doing something we should NOT do or not doing something we SHOULD do
What is the purpose of quality assurance program?
Monitor and help patients receive optimal care
Name 3 guidelines for chartiing health care records
- must be kept at all times
- chart is considered property of the facility
- do not chart before an event occurs
Name the government agency having the legal responsibilty for enforcing proper drug manufacture and clinical use?
FDA food & drug administration
If a patient feels faint during a blood draw or IV insertion what might help?
Have patient put head between knees
What are the different EKG intervals and segments
P wave = atrial kick
QRS - IVCT
ST Segment = ejection
End T --> Q wave = diastole
PR interval
PR Segment
QT interval
What is longer a segment or an interval
Interval
What is pulses paradoxus?
The blood pressure that changes with respiration.

Blood pressure decreases more than 10 mmHg during inspiration (systolic pressure)
What 3 factors influence resistence to blood flow?
Radium
Viscosity
length of vessel
What vessel has the greatest influence on total vascular resistence?
Arterioles. They determine the amount of blood going to tissues
What are the 3 types of electrical injury involving hands and feet? Which is considered deadly?
1) foot to foot
2) hand to foot
3) hand to hand **most deadly
What is the reason heart valves open and close?
pressure gradient
What are the mean intracardiac pressures for each chamber of the heart?
RA = 6 mmHg
LA = 10
RV 25/5
LV 120/7
AoV 120/80
PulV 25/10
What is an aneroid sphygmomanometer?
Blood pressure machine/inflatable cuff
What is considered the normal value for blood pressures
120/10
Define asepsis
Freedom from infection
Immunity
High level of resistence to certain microorganism
Define sterile
free from all living microorganism
Define pathogen
microorganism that produces disease