Ccbc Co-Op Bio Chapter 13-14 Botany

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Botany

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The study of plants

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Vascular tissues:

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Tissues that conduct water and dissolved materials in a plant

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Seed:

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A mature plant ovule that consists of embryo and stored food enclosed by a coat.

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Sphorophyte:

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An individual of the plant generation that produces spores.

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Prothallus:

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The heart shaped Gametophyte generation in ferns

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Gymnosperms:

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- are nonfowering plants that produce seeds that are not enclosed in an ovary when mature.
Example; pinecone
There are four phyla:(3 are)
Coniferophyta: the Conifers
Cycadophyta: the Cycads
Ginkophyta: the Ginkoes

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Angiosperms:

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- Flowering plants.
Have seeds enclosed in an ovary as well as flowers.
- They are the dominant vegetation on the earth.
One phylum: Anthopyta: the flowering plants
- Divided into two classes: monocots and dicots

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Pollen cone:

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A structure in a conifer that produces pollen.

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Seed cone:

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The structure on conifers that produce seeds.

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Fruit -

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a mature ovary.

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Monocot -

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a class of angiosperms that has one cotyledon.

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Dicot -

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a class of angiosperms that has two cotyledons.

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Cuticle -

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a thick, waxy layer that covers the leaf and stem of plants.

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Xylem -

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carries water and dissolved minerals within a plant, primarily from the roots upward.

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Phloem -

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a vascular tissue that usually carries water ad dissolved foods downward in plants

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Meristematic tissues -

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tissues composed of plant cells that are capable of continuous mitosis and are resopnsible for the ongoing growth of the plant.

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Primary growth -

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growth in length.

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Secondary growth -

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increase in diameter.

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parallel venation

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A vascular arrangement in leaves characterized by the longitudinal (or nearly so) orientation of veins of relatively uniform size.

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netted venation-

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in which the large veins branch repeatedly as they enter the blade

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petiole

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-the stalk connecting the blade of a leaf to the ste

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stomata

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an opening between the guard cells of a leaf that permits exchange of gasses

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guard cells

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once of the cells surrounding a stoma that controls the opening and closing of the stoma

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taproot system

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the plant root system in which the primary root continues to grow as the main root

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root cap

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thick-walled cells that cover and protect the delicate root tip

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fibrous root system

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when the root lacks a taproot but has many secondary roots

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meristematic region

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an area in a plant containing young, rapidly dividing cells

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Elongation region-

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The area of a plant where cells extend in length.

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Maturation region

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The area of a young root or stem in which the primary tissues are developed; area of cell differentiation

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Root hairs-

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An outgrowth of epidermal cells of the root.

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Cortex

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The region of thin-walled parenchyma cells that stores food inside the epidermis of a root or stem

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Vascular cambium-

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-A layer of meristematic tissue between the xylem and phloem; produces secondary xylem and phloem.

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Springwood-

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-the xylem of large diameter and lighter color.

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Summerwood-

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-the xylem of small diameter and darker color.

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Annual rings-

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In woody stems, one layer of xylem that forms during one year.

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Capillary water-

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Water that is held in pores between the soil particles(usable for plants.)

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Transpiration-

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Water constantly evaporating from the leaves of a plant.

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Cohesion-

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-the property of water molecules that causes them to "Stick together."

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Transpiration-Cohesion theory-

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Possible explanation for water movement in a plant; as water is released from the leaves, additional water molecules must enter the roots

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Translocation-

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The movement of dissolved carbohydrates in plants.

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Turgor-

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The presence of water inside a plant cell in sufficient quantity to give the cell stiffness

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Hormones-

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Any chemical produced by one area of an organism and transported to another part where it causes a response

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Auxins

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-Commonly found in stems, seeds, leaves, fruits, and in smaller quantities in roots. A growth-related hormone in plants.

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Gibberellins-

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A plaint hormone that causes rapid elongation of stems.

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Ethylene-

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A gaseous plant hormone that causes fruit to ripen.

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Tropism-

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a growth response of plants to external stimuli

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Gravitropism-

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growth movement in plant in response to gravity

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Phototropism-

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-growth movement in plant in response to light

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Thigmotropism-

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growth movement in plant in response to contact

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Chemotrophism-

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growth movement in plants towards or away from certain chemicals

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Photoperiodism-

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-a response of a plant to changes in light intensity

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Short-day plants-

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period of light less then twelve hours

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Long-day plants-

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-period of light more then twelve hours

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Day-neutral plants-

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flower independently of the photoperiod

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Vegetative reproduction-

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Asexual reproduction in plants

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Sepals-

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An outermost flower structure; usually encloses the other floral parts in the bud

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Petals-

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often large and brightly colored, are just inside the sepals. Collectively the petals are called the corolla.

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Anther-

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The structure on a flower's stamen in which pollen is produced.

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Stigma-

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The expanded tip of the pistil that receives the pollen

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Pollen-

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A haploid cell that contains the tube and sperm nuclei of plants; produced in the anther.

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Ovule-

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A structure in a plant ovary that contains the egg cell and will mature into a seed.

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Incomplete flower-

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A flower that lacks petals, sepals, a stamen, or pistil

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Complete Flower-

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-a flower that has sepals, petals, and at least one stamen and one pistil

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Tuber

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A Storage stem which produces roots and often has "eyes" (buds) to produce aerial stems

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Perennial

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A plant that lives for many years

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Annual

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a plant that grows from a seed, produces more seeds, and dies during one growing season or within a year.

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simple fruit

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a fruit produced from a single ovary
Examples: apple, acorn, peach, corn, tomato

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Humus

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Dark Materiel in the soil, composed of dead organic matter

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Vascular Plant

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have vascular tissues that conduct water and dissolved minerals throughout the plant

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Nonvascular Plant

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referred to as "bryophytes"
They lack vacular tissues
Produce spores rather than seeds

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Top soil

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is composed of loam,living organisms and humus

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Compound fruit

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produced from several separate ovaries
Example: blackberry

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Endosperm –

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the stored food that is used by the embryo in a mature seed

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Cotyledon –

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-the leaf in the seed; the first leaf or leaves that emerge through the soil during germination
-stores food that will be used by the germinating seedling

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Epidermal hairs

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- produced by the epidermal cells of some leaves
- Some give the leaf a velvety or fuzzy appearance
- Some secrete a sticky substance with a specific odor
-Some are thin and sharp enough to puncture the skin

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Heartwood –

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hard, dark, inactive wood

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Sapwood –

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is used in storage and is able to conduct water and dissolved minerals

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Corolla –

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formed by the petals of the flower

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Calyx –

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the outermost ring of flower parts, composed of the sepals

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Stolon –

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modified stem that grows along the surface of the ground
“runners”

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Deciduous –

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tree that looses its leaves in autumn

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Leaf

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chief photosynthetic structure of seed plants

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Horsetails, club mosses, and whisk ferns are all _________________

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vascular and seedless

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What are the two large groups of flowering plants?

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Monocots and dicots

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Stoma on upper surfaces only is a characteristic found in leaves that ____________ in water.

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float

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Sap in the phloem is composed of what two things?

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water and sugars

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List the types of plant tissues and give their functions.

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1. The dermal tissue provides outer covering and protection for the plant.
2. Vascular tissue transports water, minerals, sugars, and other substances throughout the plant.
3. The ground tissues provide for structural support, storage, and the areas where most metabolic functions are performed.
4. The meristematic tissues are responsible for the ongoing growth of the plant in length and width.

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Describe how peat bogs are formed and how they are useful to humans.

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1. Peat or bog mosses grow floating on the quiet waters of a pond.
2. As one layer dies and sinks to the bottom another begins to grow.
3. The mats fill the pond until they become a bog.
4. The peat can be harvested and used to pack plants for shipping or to add to soil to help it retain more moisture.

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What can scientists learn from looking at the cross section of a woody stem?

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By studying annual rings scientists can tell not only how old a tree is but also how the weather and other conditions have changed

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What three things are necessary for seed germination?

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1. proper moisture
2. proper temperature
3. proper oxygen

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What would a young corn seedling look like if it was germinated and grown in total darkness?

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It would be pale green or white with a long, thin stem

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What is the term used to describe a seedling that is pale green or white with a long, thin stem?

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etiolated

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Sexual reproduction –

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- formation of flowers and seeds
- is necessary for producing varieties of a particular plant

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Vegetative reproduction

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- Asexual reproduction in plants
- Offspring have the same genetic makeup as the parent
- Involves the vegetative organs of the plant (leaves, roots, and stems)
- Can be used to maintain desired traits
- Produces plants capable of maturing much sooner than seedlings

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Phylum Anthophyta

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- flowering plants
- Vascular plants with seeds

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Phylum Coniferophyta

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- conifers, pine trees
- Vascular plants with seeds

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Phylum Pteridophyta

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– ferns
- Vascular plants without seeds

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Phylum Bryophyta

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– mosses
- Nonvascular plants

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simple leaf

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one blade on one petiole

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compound leaf

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when the leaf on the petiole is divided