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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the optic disc?
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Entry point of optic nerve into retina
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What is the macula (descriptively, and what it does)
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"Oval yellow spot near center of retina
Surrounds the fovea (darkened circle)" |
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What is the fovea, where is it located?
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Within the macula, it is a high density of cone cells -> region of high visual acuity
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What is a cotton wool spot? (describe what it looks like)
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White, gray, ovoid lesions with irregular bodies
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What causes cotton wool spots?
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Infarcted nerves (HTN, diabetes, HIV)
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Name things that cause occular hemorrhages
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HTN, papilledema, elevated ICP, diabetes
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What type of hemorrhage do you see in HTN?
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Superficial - small, linear, flame shaped red streaks
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What type of hemorrhage do you see in increased ICP?
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Pre-retinal - blood between retina and vitreous, large
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What type of hemorrhage do you see with diabetes?
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Deep retinal - small, rounded, slightly irregular red spots
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What is papilledema?
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"Venous stasis & engorgement and swelling of the optic disc from increased ICP ->
*blurred disk margins *physiologic cup not visible *disk vessels more visible" |
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Which type of hearing loss (conductive vs sensorineual) improves in noisy environment?
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Conductive hearing loss
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Weber test in conductive vs sensorineural hearing loss?
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"Conductive - lateralizes to impaired ear
Sensorineural - lateralizes to good ear" |
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Rinne test in conductive vs sensorineural hearing loss?
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"Conductive - BC > AC
Sensorineural - AC > BC, but both diminished" |
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Where do you put the tuning fork in Rinne test?
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Mastoid process, behind ear
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Do you put the tuning fork on the bone or in the air first for Rinne's test?
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On the bone first, then when they can't hear, put in by the ear
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Ocular findings in Wilson's disease?
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"Kayser-Fleischer rings - brown colored ring around the iris
May also have restricted eye movement or neurologic manifestation Due to increased copper levels" |
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Ocular findings in Hyperthyroidism?
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"Hypermetabolic -> restraction of the upper eyelids (stare sign)
Lid lag - when patient looks down the eyelids don't close at all, or delay in moving downward Infiltartive - lymphocytic infiltration of the orbital tissues can cause proptosis" |
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Ocular findings in myasthenia gravis?
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Weakness of eye muscles -> diplopia, ptosis
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Ocular findings in osteogenesis imperfecta?
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Blue-grey sclera, proptosis
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What is miosis, and what signals cause it to happen?
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Constriction of pupil, from parasympathetic fibers from CN3 in the ciliary body
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What is mydriasis, and what signals cause it to happen?
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Dilation of the pupil, controlled by sympathetic nervous system
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What muscle causes miosis?
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Iris sphincter mucsle
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What muscle causes mydriasis?
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Iris dilator muscle
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What is the pars flaccida
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Small superior part of the ear drum, lies above the malleolar folds
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What is the pars tensa
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The main part of the eardrum, consisting of everything below the malleolar folds
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What is the cone of light?
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Anterior + downward reflection of the light from the otoscope
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What bones can you see on tympanic membrane exam?
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Malleus, and perhaps the long crus of the incus
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Horizontal nystagmus =
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labyrinth abnormalities
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Vertical nystagmus =
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brain stem abnormalities
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Rotary nystagmus =
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retinal damage
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