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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Counterconditioning pairs a(n) _____ bex with a(n) ________ bex in order to eliminate the former.
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maladaptive; incompatible
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3 examples of bexs incompatible with anxiety reactions are:
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relaxation; assertiveness; sexual arousal
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Systematic densensitization involves pairing ______ with ________.
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relaxation; hierarchically-arranged anxiety-evoking events
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The four stages to the systematic desensitization process are:
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relaxation training; constructing a hierarchy; desensitization in imagination; in vivo desensitization
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To ensure that hierarchy items (in systematic desensitization) represent a full range of anxiety levels and are equidistant in terms of the amount of anxiety elicited, this scale may be used.
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SUDS: Subjective Units of Distress Scale.
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Those who claim that reciprocal inhibition and gradual exposure are not the agents of action in systematic desensitization instead credit _______ with its benefits.
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extinction (presentation of CS w/o US)
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Sensate focus involves pairing _______ with _______ & ________.
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situations that evoke performance anxiety; pleasurable physical sensations; relaxation
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In sensate focus, homework ranges from ________ touching to ________ touching.
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non-genital touching; non-demand genital touching
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Sex therapy is most effective for treating ______ & _______.
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premature ejaculation; vaginismus
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A key component of treating premature ejaculation is this technique.
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squeeze technique
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The key components of treating vaginismus are _______ & ________.
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relaxation; progressive dilators
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Aversion therapy works by reducing _____________ by repeatedly pairing it with ________________.
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the attractiveness of a stimulus/bex; stimulus that produces an undesirable/unpleasant response
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Name 3 tx categories for in vivo aversion therapy
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addictive bexs (drug, alcohol, cigarette); abnormal sex'l bexs; self-injurious bexs
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Report the effectiveness (low, mod, high), relapse rates, and generalizability of aversion therapy.
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moderate; high; limited
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The effectiveness of aversion therapy increases when it is
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supplemented with booster sessions; when aversive stimulus is similar to target bex (nausea/drinking; rapid smoking/cigarettes); paired with other txs
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How is covert sensitization different from systematic desensitization?
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Covert: based on aversive counterconditioning; all imagined; pair images of maladaptive bex with images of an aversive condition
SD: based on counterconditioning; includes in vivo desensitization |
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Mowrer's 2-factor theory of learning proposes:
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that phobias are the result of both classical and operant conditioning
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Which type of exposure to anxiety-evoking stimuli is more effective in ERP: massed or spaced?
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Massed (long, continuous exposure). [Spaced = brief: can --> increased anxiety]
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The effectiveness of exposure in ERP is [>, <, =] when tranquilizers are used.
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> (enhanced)
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The effectiveness of exposure in ERP is [>, <, =] when the exposure is self-controlled (vs therapist-controlled).
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= (the same, in less severe cases)
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The effectiveness of exposure in ERP is [>, <, =] if done in a group (vs individually).
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= (the same)
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The essential components in ERP are:
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exposure and response prevention
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What is implosive therapy?
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Always imaginal. Feared stimulus is presented vividly to provoke high anxiety. Images embellished with psychodynamic themes of sex/aggression.
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Describe graduated exposure
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All in vivo. Ct exposed to gradually from situations evoking minimal anxiety to those evoking maximal anxiety.
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Compare graduated exposure, systematic desensitization, covert sensitization, and implosive therapy in terms of in vivo vs imaginal exposure.
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Graduated: all in vivo.
SD: imaginal then in vivo. CS: all imaginal Implosive: all imaginal |
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EMDR is used to tx (5):
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PTSD, panic attacks, phobias, depression, substance abuse
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The EMDR controversy is whether...
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eye movements are necessary to obtain beneficial effects
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Some say the beneficial effects of EMDR are the result of:
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imaginal exposure
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Thorndike's Original Law of Effect states:
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any response followed by "a satisfying state of affairs" is likely to be replicated; any response followed by an "annoying state of affairs" will be less likely to occur.
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Thorndike's Updated Law of Effect states:
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positive consequences increase bexs; negative consequences have little or no impact on bexs
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Operant strength is measured by:
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1) rate of responding during acquisition trials; 2) total number of responses during extinction trials
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How do you extinguish bex in operant conditioning?
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Stop reinforcing the bex.
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What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers?
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Primary reinforcers are unconditioned (derive reinforcing value naturally). Secondary reinforcers are conditioned (derive reinforcing value through association with primary reinforcers).
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What is a generalized conditioned reinforcer?
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A conditioned reinforcer that is paired with several primary reinforcers.
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Give examples of primary, secondary, and generalized conditioned reinforcers.
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1) food, water
2) tokens, applause, gold stars 3) money |
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The most effective schedule of reinforcement during the acquisition phase is:
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a continuous schedule
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The most effective schedule of reinforcement during the maintenance phase is:
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an intermittent schedule
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In operant conditioning, response rate has a _______ rex to extinction resistance.
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direct (high response rate = high resistance to extinction)
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List the four intermittent schedules of reinforcement from lowest response rate to highest.
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FI
VI FR VR |
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Superstitious bex is explained by
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operant conditioning (accidental, noncontingent reinforcement)
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Presenting a CS before a US is referred to as:
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Forward conditioning
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Contiguity refers to
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closeness between stimuli
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Contingency refers to
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dependence of one stimuli on another
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Presenting a CS before and then overlapping a US is referred to as:
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Delay conditioning
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Presenting and terminating a CS before a US is referred to as:
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Trace conditioning
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Presentation of a CS and US at the same time is referred to as:
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Simultaneous conditioning
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Rank delay, simultaneous, and trace conditioning in order from most to least effective for establishing a CR.
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Delay, trace, simultaneous
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What is the optimal time interval between onset of the CS and onset of the US in delay conditioning?
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0.5 seconds
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What is the relationship between the magnitude and persistence of a CR and the number of conditioning trials? (Direct or Indirect)
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Direct
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How many conditioning trials will result in a CR of the same magnitude of a UR?
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CR is always weaker than the UR despite the number of conditioning trials.
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How do you extinguish a classically conditioned response?
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Repeatedly present the CS with the US.
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T or F. After a CR is extinguished, it generally takes longer for it to be conditioned again.
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False. It takes less time to re-establish the rex than it did initially.
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The reemergence of a CR after extinction trials is called:
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spontaneous recovery
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The existence of spontaneous recovery suggests:
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That learning is never lost; it is merely inhibited or suppressed.
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Describe response generalization in classical conditioning.
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It doesn't exist (only stimulus generalization exist in classical conditioning).
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After conditioning trials, a subject's galvanic skin response (GVR) changes not only at the sound of a bell but also when viewing a picture of a bell or hearing the spoken word "bell." This is an example of:
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Stimulus generalization
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A dog learns to salivate to a 500 Hz tone and not to tones at 400 Hz or 600 Hz. This is an example of:
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Stimulus discrimination
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During conditioning trials, an otherwise docile animal begins to respond with extreme restlessness, agitation, and unprovoked aggressiveness. This may be an example of:
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Experimental neurosis
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Pavlov thought experimental neurosis was caused by:
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A conflict between cortical excitation and inhibition
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Experimental neurosis appears during what type of conditioning trials:
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Classical and those where the subject is asked to make very difficult discriminations
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What process might explain when a CR is acquired in the absence of a true US?
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Higher-order conditioning (b/c the CS acts as the US).
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It may not be possible to establish a CR beyond this order in higher-order conditioning.
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Third-order
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He argued that all learning is a result of classical conditioning.
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Watson
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When the occurrence of a bex is affected by the presence of discriminative stimuli, the bex is said to be under:
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Stimulus control
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A stimulus that signals that reinforcement will occur as the consequence of a given response is called a
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Positive discriminative stimulus (SD)
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A stimulus that signals that reinforcement will NOT occur as the consequence of a given response is called a
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Negative discriminative stimulus or S-delta (SΔ)
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Describe the difference b/t shaping and chaining
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In chaining, several responses are needed to lead to a final (goal) response. Each step is important. In shaping, approximations of the final (goal) response are reinforced until the final bex is achieved. Only the final bex is important. Chaining may INCLUDE shaping (of each component), but shaping cannot include chaining.
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Explain forward vs backward chaining
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Conditioning with forward chaining begins with the first component and works sequentially through the chain; backward chaining begins with the last component and works backward through the chain
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What is response generalization?
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When a response increases b/c of reinforcement, the subject may display other similar responses to receive the same reinforcement.
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Compare and contrast escape conditioning with avoidance conditioning.
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Both rely on negative reinforcement. In escape conditioning, a bex increases when it allows the subject to escape an aversive condition (e.g., shock). In avoidance conditioning, a positive discriminative stimulus prompts a bex that allows a subject to PREVENT an aversive condition from occurring.
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Most behavioral txs rely on
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Positive reinforcement
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What 6 factors influence the effectiveness of positive reinforcement?
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Contingency (meaning?), Immediacy, Magnitude, Sked of Reinf't, Verbal Clarification (of what?), Prompts
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Contingency: the reinforcer is ONLY available after the target bex; Verbal clarification of the contingent rex
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Which factor that influences the effectiveness of positive reinforcement is susceptible to satiation?
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Magnitude. Up to a point, the greater the magnitude of the reinforcer, the greater its effectiveness. Past that point, satiation can occur especially with primary reinforcers.
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The process of reducing the proportion of reinforcements is called
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Thinning
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Establishment of a new bex is most rapid when reinforcement occurs
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Continuously
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Maintenance of a bex is maximized when reinforcement occurs
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Intermittently
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If a prompt signals that a bex will be reinforced, the prompt is acting as what?
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Positive discriminative stimulus
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The gradual removal of a prompt is referred to as
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Fading
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Under what circumstances would shaping be used?
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When the target bex rarely or never naturally occurs.
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Under what circumstances is using the Premack principle helpful?
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When a stimulus that would act as a reinforcer is hard to identify. (A high probability bex is substituted instead.)
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DRI, DRA, and DRO are all varieties of:
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Differential reinforcement
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Differential reinforcement programs use ____ and ____ to affect bex change.
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Positive reinforcement; extinction
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Explain the goal and process of differential reinforcement
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The goal is to reduce a bex. It is achieved by positively reinforcing all bexs except the target bex. Withholding positive reinforcement of the target bex = extinction.
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What 6 factors influence the effectiveness of punishment?
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Immediacy; Consistency (meaning?); Intensity; Verbal Clarification (of what?); Removal of all positive reinforcement; Reinforcement for alternative bexs/training
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Consistency: continuous sked of reinforcement; Verbal Clarification of the contingent rex
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Several negative side effects of punishment include
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Aggressiveness; negative emotions; escape/avoidance bexs (lying; running away); fear of the punisher
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Overcorrection uses what two procedures to affect change?
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Restitution (explain); Positive practice (explain)
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Restitution: person must correct negative effects of bex; Positive practice: person is made to practice more appropriate bexs
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