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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is classical conditioning?
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•the process of using an established relationship between a stimulus and a response to cause the learning of the same response to a different stimulus
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Describe the famous classical conditioning experiment involving Little Albert.
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1. Loud noise made baby cry
2. Paired loud noise with rat 3. Baby was conditioned to cry when seeing the rat 4. The fear of the loud noise, then the rat, was further generalised to other furry animals. |
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What sort of psychiatric conditions may be explained by classical conditioning?
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- PTSD
- Specific phobias - Social phobia - Panic disorder - Agoraphobia - OCD (washing, checking) |
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How can PTSD be considered a classical example of fear conditioning?
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Unconditioned stimulus = threatening event (car accident)
Unconditioned response = fear. Conditioned stimulus = Stimuli associated with threatening event Conditioned response: fear |
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What is operant conditioning?
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A technique of behavior modification through positive and negative reinforcement and positive and negative punishment
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In the context of operant conditioning, what is meant by a 'reinforcer'?
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Any eveny that strengthens or increases the behaviour
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In the context of operant conditioning, what is meant by a 'punishment'?
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Any adverse event or outcome that causes a decrease in the behaviour
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What are some examples of positive and negative reinforcement in operant conditioning?
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Positive: Favourable event presented after the behaviour.
E.g. Praise, food, money Negative: removal of unfavourable event after the behaviour E.g. decreased fear, decreased pain, decreased social awkwardness, decreased traffic. |
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What are some examples of positive and negative punishment in operant conditionnig?
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Positive: Persentation of an unfavourable event to weaken response.
E.g. Smack, electric shock, fine Negative: When a favourable event is removed after a behaviour occurs. E.g. removal or toy, loss of power, loss of affection |
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What are some examples of operant conditioning in daily life?
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- Star charts
- Priase - Naughty chair - Tantrums - Financial bonuses - Loyalty programs - Demerit points - Poker machines |
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What is meant by the term 'extinction' in the context of conditioning theory?
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The reduction of a conditioned response (e.g. salivation) when a conditioned stimulus (e.g. bell) is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food).
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What is meant by the term counter-conditioning?
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A type of extinction learning where a conditioned stimulus is paired with a positive or non-aversive unconditioned stimulus resulting in a new response (e.g. happiness) substituted for the old response (e.g. fear).
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What is meant by the term habituation model?
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Simple type of learning leading to decreased behavioural responses to repeated stimuli.
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What are the types of exposure therapy?
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- Imagination
- In vivo - Graded exposure - Flooding |
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What are the importance of beliefs in CBT?
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Fundamental, CBT is based on the premise that it's the interpretations of events by a person, rather than the events themselves
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How do situation, thoughts, emotions and behaviour interact in the basic CBT model?
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- Situation is an event that occurs (e.g. boss criticises report)
- Thoughts (e.g. I'm incompetent, I can't do anythign right) affect emotions and behaviours - Emotions (e.g. depression) affects thoughts and behaviours - Behaviours (e.g. call in sick, stay in bed, avoid friends) influence thoughts and emotions. |
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What is the importance of congnitive distortions in CBT?
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As CBT is based on the theory of belieft and thoughts being the origin of problems, identifying and changing cognitive delusions is a key component of CBT.
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What is meant by mind reading?
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Automatically assuming that you know that someone is thinking negatively about you and you don't bother to check this out with them
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What is meant by fortune telling?
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Anticipating things turning out badly and feeling concinced your prediction is established fact.
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What is meant by jumping to conclusions?
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Drawing a conclusion without any evidence to support the conclusion, or when the evidence is contrary to the conclusion.
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What is meant by selective thinking?
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Focussing on a detail taken out of context, and ignoring other more important aspects of the situation and basing the whole experience on that one fragment.
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What is meant by overgeneralisation?
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Drawing a general rule or conclusion based on one or more isolated incidents, and applying the concept across the board to related and unrelated situations.
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What is meant by overestimating?
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Overestimating the probability that something bad will happen.
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What is meant by catastrophising?
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Turning situations into life or death.
Creating images of disasters that have not happened and are unlikely to happen |
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What is meant by personalising?
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The tendency to relate extenal events to one's self when there is no basis for making such a connection.
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What is meant by black and white thinking?
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Placing all experiences in our of two opposite categories
E.g. failure or success |
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What is meant by converting positives to negatives?
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Reject successful experiences by insisting they don't count for some reason and therefore don't give yourself credit where credit is due.
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What is meant by mistaking feeling for fact?
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Assuming your negative emotions reflect the way things really are.
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What is meant by unrealistic expectations?
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Inflexible and unrealistic rules or goals.
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What is the fundamental point of the cognitive model?
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Thoughts result in feelings, that lead to behaviours.
To change feelings and behaviours, you need to change thoughts. It's important to identify cognitive distortions in order to change emotions and behaviours. |
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What are the 5 Ps of problem formulation in CBT?
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- Predisposing factors
- Precipitating factors - Presenting problems - Perpetuating factors - Protective factors |
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What is meant by the 'causative thought' in CBT?
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The thought that explains the emotion or behaviour.
E.g. "Oh no, not again!". "I hate this!", "I don't wait to". |
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What is the downward arrow technique for identifying the causative thought in CBT?
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Identifying an original thought that can influence behaviour, then continuing to ask "What would be so bad about that?" in order to identify the causative thought
E.g. - I dont' want to go to the party - I could get dizzy - I could have a panic attack - People would see me panic - I'd lose control (causative thought) - They'd see me get all tense and agitated - They'd judge me or put me down in some way - I'd lose all my friends (causative thought) |
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What is meant by cognitive challenging?
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Identifying the causal thought, and then subject it to reality testing.
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Waht are some methods of cognitive challenging/
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- Examining the evidence
- Considering alternative interpretations - Is it that likely? - Is it that bad? - Is it helpful to think about? - Test it out (behavioural experiments) |
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What are the steps involved in exposure therapy?
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1. Rationale: Explain the treatment and provide examples.
2. Exposure heirachy: Break the goal into mutually agreeable steps. 3.Graded exposure: Progress to next level after previous level is mastered |
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What are the three key components of exposure therapy?
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- Graded: from least to most anxiety provoking.
- Prolonged: exposure continues until anxiety reduces - Repeated: Repitition is essential in promoting habituation, new learning, and disconfimation of feared outcome. |
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What is a behavioural experiment?
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A planned experiment or activity that is designed based on the problem formulation for the purpose of obtaining new information by: 1) testing the validity of the persons belief system, or 2) construct or test more adaptive beliefs.
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What is meant by an active behavioural experiment? Give one example.
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Once the target cognition has been identified, the person behaves in a different way.
E.g. "If I feel dizzy I could faint", perform an experiement getting the pt to stand up without holding onto supports when they are feeling dizzy. |
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What is meant by an observational behavioural experiement? Give one example.
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Gathering data through survey or observation to test the cognition.
E.g. Getting an OCD patient to observe how many people eat their lunch without washing their hands that don't get sick. |
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What are some benefits of CBT?
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- It's well tolerated.
- Addresses avoidance behaviours - Absence of side effects (e.g. sexual dysfunction) - Aids in medical discontinuation - Protects against relapse - Strong efficacy data |
