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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
atheroma
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mass of fat
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PDGF
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platelet derived growth factor
stimulates cell division of smooth muscle cells stimulate fibroblasts to secrete fibers (mainly collagen) |
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What happens during tissue cleanup and repair?
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Monocytes turn into macrophages
-engulf and destroy bacteria, dead neutrophils -also act as antigen-presenting cells Blood platelets secrete PDGF -collagen is synthesized |
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tissue infarction
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tissue death as a result of oxygen supply
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How can the kidneys worsen hypertension?
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arterioles thicken in response to stress, and renal blood flow declines
in response to drop in BP, kidneys release renin, which leads to creation of vasoconstrictor angiotensin II, and then the release of aldosterone these effects increase BP even more!! |
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necrosis
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cell death due to viral or intracellular parasite
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infarction
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cell death from insufficient blood supply
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apoptosis
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programmed cell death
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atheroclerosis
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growth of lipid deposits in the arterial walls
deposits become calcified "complicated plaques" giving a hard bony consistency - foam cells -smooth muscle cells (contain calmodulin, which helps with SMC contraction) -platelets (PDGF) - fibroblasts (collagen) |
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T- lymphocyte
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mature in thymus
differentiate in thymus gland by thyroid hormone into: -Tc (cytotoxic t lymphocytes) (CD8+) -Th (helper t lymphocytes) (CD4+) |
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B- lymphocyte
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mature in bone marrow
differentiate into plasma cells; synthesize antibodies |
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natural killer cells
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-do not need to be activated
-detect diseased cells -produce inferons |
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What are other phagocytic cells?
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Dendritic cells
-act as APCs -called Langerhans cells when in skin Kupffer cells of liver Dust cells of lungs |
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thymus
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fibrous capsule of thymus gives of trabeculae that divide the gland into lobules
reticular epithelial (RE) cells form blood-thymus barrier that isolates developing lymphocytes from blood-borne antigens -also produce thymosin, thymopoietin for formation of T-lymphocytes -help "school" T lymphocytes by presenting self-antigens to them (important that they do NOT attack self-antigens) 2% of T-lymphocytes allowed into thymus cortex |
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spleen
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largest organ of lymphatic system
located in left hypochondriac region "graveyard" of old erythrocytes, which usually live about 120 days -broken down and recycled in spleen |
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complement system
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group of 30 or more globulins that make powerful contributions to specific immunity
secreted mainly by the LIVER complement proteins circulate in inactive form |
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inflammation
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C3a stimulates basophils to secrete histamine
also attracts neutrophils and macrophages |
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immune clearance
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C3b binds antigen-antibody
complexes to RBCs RBCs transport Ag-Ab complexes to liver and spleen phagocytes remove and degrade Ag-Ab complexes ***this is the principal means of clearing antigens from the bloodstream |
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phagocytosis
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C3b binds to target microbe and tag it to be prepared for phagocytosis
C3b assists phagocytes by opsonization: coats microbial cells and acts as a binding site |
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cytolysis
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C3b splits another complement protein, C5, into C5a and C5b
C5b binds C5,7,8 C5b678 complex binds ring of C9 molecules membrane attack complex-- -complex forms a hole that causes the cell to rupture |
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major histocompatibility complex
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family of genes on chromosome 6 that code for MHC proteins, which are shaped like hotdogs and act as ID tags for every cell of your body
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MHC-1
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plasma membrane protein found in every nucleiated cell in human body
acts as ID tag Tc cells respond to MHC-I proteins |
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MHC-2
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found in PM of antigen-presenting cells:
-macrophages -B-lymphocytes -Dendritic cells -reticular epithelial (RE) cells Th cells respond to MHC-II |
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What is another name for complement proteins?
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major histocompatibility complex III
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Tc cells
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cytotoxic cells
CD8+ recognize MHC-1 upon contact attack foreing Ag using granzymes/perforins (cell-mediated immunity) |
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Th cells
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helper T cells
CD4+ recognize MHC-2; presented by APCs produce cytokines, which act upon Tc cells (cell-mediated immunity); B-lymphocytes (plasma cells, which secrete antibodies); and non specific immunity |
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IL-1
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interleukin 1
messenger that communicates between leukocytes targets and stimulates divison of Tc cells produces many clones that recognize the same antigen and attack microbial cells upon contact also produces perforin and granzymes |
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What is the replication cycle of HIV?
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1. binding of virus to CD4 and coreceptor
2. fusion of HIV into the plasma membrane of the host cell 3. release of viral components into the cytosol of the host cell 4. reverse transcriptase forms viral DNA 5. integration of double stranded viral DNA into human DNA 6. transcription of viral DNA into viral RNA 7. viral RNA is used as mRNA to be translated into viral proteins -proteases cut the amino acid chain 8. assembly of viral proteins 9. exit of the whole virus through budding or cell lysis |
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What are drugs used against HIV?
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antiproteases
-prevent proteases from cutting proteins anti reverse transcriptase -inhibits reverse transcriptase |
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How are drugs directed to prevent virus/human cell binding?
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using a cocktail; ie a mixture of many drug classes
HAART highly active anti retroviral therapy |
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HHb
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deoxygenated hemoglobin
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HbO2
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oxygenated hemoglobin
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HbCO2
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carbaminohemoglobin
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CAH
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carbonic anhydrase
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Haldane effect
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a low level of oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) enables the blood to transport more CO2
occurs bc the mere presence of O2 is going to LOWER Hb affinity to bind to CO2 |
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Bohr's effect
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presence of CO2 lowers Hb affinity to bind O2
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compare/contrast carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide
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Hb.CO2
carbaminoglobin CO2 binds to the free amino group of the 4 polypeptide chains CO carboxyhemoglobin CO binds to the same Fe ion in the heme group which is the O2-binding site CO competes with O2 for binding sites on Hb |
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carbon monoxide poisoning
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CO binds to the ferrous ion of hemoglobin to form HbCO
CO competes with oxygen for the same binding site, and binds 210x as tightly as oxygen |
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What is the metabolism of RBCs?
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glucose
(ATP=>ADP) glucose 6 phosphate fructose 6 phosphate (ATP=>ADP) fructose 1,6 bisphosphate glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate 2,3 BPG |
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What is the p50 value for normal oxygen?
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26 mmHg
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compare/contrast hemoglobin and myglobin
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H- 4 polypeptide chains
M- 1 polypeptide chain H- sigmoid binding curve M- hyperbolic curve H- much lower affinity to bind O2 M- meant to store oxygen |
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What is the difference between CO2 and CO?
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carbon dioxide---
-carbaminoglobin -CO2 binds to the free amino group of the 4 polypeptide chain carbon monoxide--- -carboxyhemoglobin -CO binds to the same Fe ion in the heme group as the O2 binding site ****CO competes with oxygen for binding site CO has 200x greater affinity to bind Hb compared to O2 |
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streptococcus pneumoniae
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bacteria that causes pneumonia
causes filling of alveoli with dead leukocytes and thickening of the respiratory membrane |
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mycobacterium tuberculosis
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bacterium that causes tuberculosis
stimulates the lung to form fibrous nodules called tubercles around the bacteria compromises elastic recoil of lungs |
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candida albicans
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yeast infection to mucous membrane of respiratory tract
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opportunistic pathogens
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take advantage of suppressed immune systems
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