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46 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
atheroma
mass of fat
PDGF
platelet derived growth factor

stimulates cell division of smooth muscle cells

stimulate fibroblasts to secrete fibers (mainly collagen)
What happens during tissue cleanup and repair?
Monocytes turn into macrophages
-engulf and destroy bacteria, dead neutrophils
-also act as antigen-presenting cells

Blood platelets secrete PDGF
-collagen is synthesized
tissue infarction
tissue death as a result of oxygen supply
How can the kidneys worsen hypertension?
arterioles thicken in response to stress, and renal blood flow declines

in response to drop in BP, kidneys release renin, which leads to creation of vasoconstrictor angiotensin II, and then the release of aldosterone

these effects increase BP even more!!
necrosis
cell death due to viral or intracellular parasite
infarction
cell death from insufficient blood supply
apoptosis
programmed cell death
atheroclerosis
growth of lipid deposits in the arterial walls

deposits become calcified "complicated plaques" giving a hard bony consistency
- foam cells
-smooth muscle cells (contain calmodulin, which helps with SMC contraction)
-platelets (PDGF)
- fibroblasts (collagen)
T- lymphocyte
mature in thymus

differentiate in thymus gland by thyroid hormone into:
-Tc (cytotoxic t lymphocytes) (CD8+)
-Th (helper t lymphocytes) (CD4+)
B- lymphocyte
mature in bone marrow

differentiate into plasma cells; synthesize antibodies
natural killer cells
-do not need to be activated
-detect diseased cells
-produce inferons
What are other phagocytic cells?
Dendritic cells
-act as APCs
-called Langerhans cells when in skin

Kupffer cells of liver

Dust cells of lungs
thymus
fibrous capsule of thymus gives of trabeculae that divide the gland into lobules

reticular epithelial (RE) cells form blood-thymus barrier that isolates developing lymphocytes from blood-borne antigens

-also produce thymosin, thymopoietin for formation of T-lymphocytes

-help "school" T lymphocytes by presenting self-antigens to them
(important that they do NOT attack self-antigens)

2% of T-lymphocytes allowed into thymus cortex
spleen
largest organ of lymphatic system

located in left hypochondriac region

"graveyard" of old erythrocytes, which usually live about 120 days
-broken down and recycled in spleen
complement system
group of 30 or more globulins that make powerful contributions to specific immunity

secreted mainly by the LIVER

complement proteins circulate in inactive form
inflammation
C3a stimulates basophils to secrete histamine

also attracts neutrophils and macrophages
immune clearance
C3b binds antigen-antibody
complexes to RBCs

RBCs transport Ag-Ab complexes to liver and spleen

phagocytes remove and degrade Ag-Ab complexes

***this is the principal means of clearing antigens from the bloodstream
phagocytosis
C3b binds to target microbe and tag it to be prepared for phagocytosis

C3b assists phagocytes by opsonization: coats microbial cells and acts as a binding site
cytolysis
C3b splits another complement protein, C5, into C5a and C5b

C5b binds C5,7,8

C5b678 complex binds ring of C9 molecules

membrane attack complex--
-complex forms a hole that causes the cell to rupture
major histocompatibility complex
family of genes on chromosome 6 that code for MHC proteins, which are shaped like hotdogs and act as ID tags for every cell of your body
MHC-1
plasma membrane protein found in every nucleiated cell in human body

acts as ID tag

Tc cells respond to MHC-I proteins
MHC-2
found in PM of antigen-presenting cells:
-macrophages
-B-lymphocytes
-Dendritic cells
-reticular epithelial (RE) cells

Th cells respond to MHC-II
What is another name for complement proteins?
major histocompatibility complex III
Tc cells
cytotoxic cells

CD8+

recognize MHC-1

upon contact attack foreing Ag using granzymes/perforins
(cell-mediated immunity)
Th cells
helper T cells

CD4+

recognize MHC-2; presented by APCs

produce cytokines, which act upon Tc cells (cell-mediated immunity); B-lymphocytes (plasma cells, which secrete antibodies); and non specific immunity
IL-1
interleukin 1

messenger that communicates between leukocytes

targets and stimulates divison of Tc cells

produces many clones that recognize the same antigen and attack microbial cells upon contact

also produces perforin and granzymes
What is the replication cycle of HIV?
1. binding of virus to CD4 and coreceptor

2. fusion of HIV into the plasma membrane of the host cell

3. release of viral components into the cytosol of the host cell

4. reverse transcriptase forms viral DNA

5. integration of double stranded viral DNA into human DNA

6. transcription of viral DNA into viral RNA

7. viral RNA is used as mRNA to be translated into viral proteins
-proteases cut the amino acid chain

8. assembly of viral proteins

9. exit of the whole virus through budding or cell lysis
What are drugs used against HIV?
antiproteases
-prevent proteases from cutting proteins

anti reverse transcriptase
-inhibits reverse transcriptase
How are drugs directed to prevent virus/human cell binding?
using a cocktail; ie a mixture of many drug classes

HAART
highly active anti retroviral therapy
HHb
deoxygenated hemoglobin
HbO2
oxygenated hemoglobin
HbCO2
carbaminohemoglobin
CAH
carbonic anhydrase
Haldane effect
a low level of oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) enables the blood to transport more CO2

occurs bc the mere presence of O2 is going to LOWER Hb affinity to bind to CO2
Bohr's effect
presence of CO2 lowers Hb affinity to bind O2
compare/contrast carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide
Hb.CO2
carbaminoglobin

CO2 binds to the free amino group of the 4 polypeptide chains





CO

carboxyhemoglobin

CO binds to the same Fe ion in the heme group which is the O2-binding site

CO competes with O2 for binding sites on Hb
carbon monoxide poisoning
CO binds to the ferrous ion of hemoglobin to form HbCO

CO competes with oxygen for the same binding site, and binds 210x as tightly as oxygen
What is the metabolism of RBCs?
glucose
(ATP=>ADP)

glucose 6 phosphate

fructose 6 phosphate
(ATP=>ADP)

fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

1,3 bisphosphoglycerate

2,3 BPG
What is the p50 value for normal oxygen?
26 mmHg
compare/contrast hemoglobin and myglobin
H- 4 polypeptide chains
M- 1 polypeptide chain

H- sigmoid binding curve
M- hyperbolic curve

H- much lower affinity to bind O2
M- meant to store oxygen
What is the difference between CO2 and CO?
carbon dioxide---
-carbaminoglobin
-CO2 binds to the free amino group of the 4 polypeptide chain


carbon monoxide---
-carboxyhemoglobin
-CO binds to the same Fe ion in the heme group as the O2 binding site
****CO competes with oxygen for binding site
CO has 200x greater affinity to bind Hb compared to O2
streptococcus pneumoniae
bacteria that causes pneumonia

causes filling of alveoli with dead leukocytes and thickening of the respiratory membrane
mycobacterium tuberculosis
bacterium that causes tuberculosis

stimulates the lung to form fibrous nodules called tubercles around the bacteria

compromises elastic recoil of lungs
candida albicans
yeast infection to mucous membrane of respiratory tract
opportunistic pathogens
take advantage of suppressed immune systems