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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Approximately how many people were expelled during WW2?
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12-14 million ethnic germans
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How many people killed/died in the process?
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2 million ethnic Germans
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When did Germany became a nation-state?
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1871
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When did the HRE exist?
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800-1800
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When did Weimar republic exist?
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1919-1933
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When was world war 1?
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1914-1919
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When did Hitler come to power
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January 30, 1933
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What was the HRE empire like?
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bunch of loosely confederated states (i.e. Prussia)
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What hapened at the Congress of Vienna?
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federation of 38/39 German states crafted, kind of a response to Napoleon (18teens) -- state like factors emerge (conscription, edu, single economic entity, trains, etc.)
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What was Prussia?
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best, strongest state, absorbed rhineland, strong military, led German federation
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Approximately how many people were expelled during WW2?
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12-14 million ethnic germans
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How many people killed/died in the process?
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2 million ethnic Germans
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When did Germany became a nation-state?
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1871
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When did the HRE exist?
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800-1800
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When did Weimar republic exist?
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1919-1933
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When was world war 1?
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1914-1919
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When did Hitler come to power
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January 30, 1933
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What was the HRE empire like?
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bunch of loosely confederated states (i.e. Prussia)
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What hapened at the Congress of Vienna?
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federation of 38/39 German states crafted, kind of a response to Napoleon (18teens) -- state like factors emerge (conscription, edu, single economic entity, trains, etc.)
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What was Prussia?
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best, strongest state, absorbed rhineland, strong military, led German federation
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What was liberal nationalism?
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political reforms (constits), make trade more free, free up courts, freedom of spech/press etc., liberation from foreign control
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When was liberal nationalism a big phenomenon?
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19th century (1800s)
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What was Weimar republic like?
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progressive political system (welfare state), but crippled by war reparations, born out of defeat, Great Depressoin
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What was the early german nation-state like?
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led by prussia, militaristic, less libearl nationalist, huge industrial power (bigger than GB)
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What was the post WW1 mindset?
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chaotic moasic of people, boarders could be changed with people left where they were, minorities incorperated into the nationa state, minority rights protected (1918-1939)
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How did Germans get all over the place?
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expansion and contraction of various empires (Austrohungarian hapsburgs, Ottoman empire) spread germanic tribes all throughout Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Europe
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What was the ww2/post ww2 mindset towards minorities?
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ethnic nationalism (nations comprised of one "race" / ethnicity), minorities NOT tolerated, but expelled
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What were the categorizations of Germans?
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1. Reichsdeutsche (Germans of the reich)
2. Voksdeutsche (Recent emigrants, "ethnic Germans") 3. Autochthons (multigenerational inhabitants, been there for a long time, have local ID) |
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When did Hitler annex the sudetenland of Czeckoslovakia?
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1938
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What was up with the Sudetenland?
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1st- Czeckoslovakia gained part of Austria when formed
2nd - German "austrians" in Sudetenland 3rd - Hitler wanted to get all Germans in the Reich, annexed Sudetenland 4th - German-speakers welcolmed Nazis 5th - Czecks feel betrayed |
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When does Germany/USSR annex Poland?
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1939
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Who were the allies/who were their leaders?
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US (FDR) UK (CHURCHILL) USSR (STALIN)
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What happens at Potsdam?
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-Atlee replaces Churchill, Truman replaces FDR
-temporary border between Poland and germany decided -"humane transfer" of ethnic germans approved -reversion of everything Germany annexed after 1937 |
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When is Potsdam?
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July 17, 1945
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What happenes at Atlantic Conference?
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August 1941, UK wants US support in war
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What happens at Casablanca?
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FDR/Churchill meet again
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What happens in Cairo
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November 1943, FDR, Churchill, Shang Kai Shek, decided what to do about Japan (war)
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What happens in Tehran?
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decide to open 2nd front, stalin there, agree to work together
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What happens in Yalta?
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February 1945, agreement on UN, what do about Germany? Begininning of Cold War?
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Expulsions FROM czeckoslovakia?
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3 million expelled, tried hard to have non-Nazi practices of identification, expelled Hungarians too, NOT treated as badly as Poles, still had expulsions (SHOWS ITS OCCUPATION NOT SEVERITY THAT REALLY MATTERS)
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expulsions FROM Poland
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~7 million, USSR supportive of expellees, Poles LOWER, germans EQUAL
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Periodization
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January 1945 (flight from Red Army) to
Spring/Summer 1945 "wild transfers" July 1945 "humane transfers" today (legacy still remains) OR Oct 1945 (maj ppl moved) |
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Political
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allies signed off, even communists, almost consensus (shows how racialized discourse had become NOT questioned!!) ethnic nationalism
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How West Germany recieved expellees?
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1. burden on strugling economy, occupation spread out
2. remained bitter (revanchists), formed political parties, viewed as indirect vicitms of Nazism (done to 'themselves') g'vt effort to remember stories |
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What is a revanchist?
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somebody who wants to reclaim lands they believe to be rightfully theres, in this case ethnic germans who want to reclaim land in Poland or Czeckoslovakia
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How East Germany recieved resettlers?
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1/3 population
toughter conditions many migrated to us/west/canada freedom of speech lacking (story not told) seen as victims of fascism |
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What is a resettler?
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an expelle in the east
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What is a expellee?
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a resettler in the west
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WHAT CHANGED btwn ww1 and ww2
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minority rts protected --> no minorities
move borders --> move ppl german definitions of racialized nationalism -idea of ethnic cleansing present (not name) |
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Why expelled?
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-allies signed off
-rhetoric/idea of ethnic nationalism -revenge |
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How do these expulsions break stereotypes about "ethnic cleansing'?
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-in europe
-NOT about ancient hatreds -UK, USSR, etc. condoned it |
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Definition of "Sex"
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Male, female, or other (biological designations)
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Definition of "Gender"
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masculinity, feminity, androgony, transgender, etc., in part socially constructed/historically contingent, "relational" ie about BOTH men and women
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Scott's definition of Gender
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1. analyze symbols
2. challenge normative concepts 3. examine the political/economic impact of gender segregation (NOT just kinship) 4. historicize/contextualize gender identity |
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how to define race?
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by practices of identification (religion, language, ethnic ID cards, customs, etc.)
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Scott's theory
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gender is a way of signifying relations of power "decodes meaning"
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Ways to use gender
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1. "male and female bodies" circumstancial, "b/c they were there and because they were women"
2. masculinity/femininity -social construct 3. gender infused onto national conflicts (ie "female virtue" = nations purity) 4. gender less important than other factors (being jewish under the nazis overwhelmed gender differences (Naimark 84) |
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precedent for expulsions
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transfer of greeks and turks in 1923 by treaty of laussanne
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how did potsdam change expulsions?
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ordered them to be "humane and peaceful," but that might have made them worse
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when were the "wild transfers'
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spring and summer of 1945
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when were the "humane and peaceful" transfers?
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July 1945
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how did communists feel about expulsions?
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for it, ironically
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who was more feared, soviets or Poles/Czecks?
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Poles/Czecks unless it comes to rape
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usti nad labem?
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massacre of germans b/c of rumors than german gangs were trying to infiltrate polish organizations
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Czecks also expelled....
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Hungarians
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Poles also expelled....
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Jews and Ukranians
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What were the Czeckoslovakian practices of identification?
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Pre-Postdam: documentation/legalities paid little attentino to
Post-Potsdam: made efforts not to be nazi-like, in terms of "elected" nationality not racialized nationality (look at a combination of how ppl identified themselves before the war, on censuses, etc.) |
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Who had a harder time at hands of Germans?
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Poles, but Czecks = violent b/c it was more about being occupied than the severity of occupation
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What territorial motivation did Poles have for expulsions?
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Poles had had land usurped in east by russia and wanted to make up for that lost land in the west, but that meant taking over predominantly German lands. The poles wnated to cement their control over these regions through expulsions
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What were the practices of idenitfication?
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Used the Bolksliste (ppls list) established by the Nazis
volksdeutsche lost rights property, executed, sent to prison camps reichsdeutsche prosecuted as war criminals, deported categories 3 and 4 autotchons could apply for "verificaiton as Poles" |
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Why did this expulsions happen?
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revenge, nationalist rhetoric, territorial acquisition, support by allies, strove to make nations ethnically homogenous nationalism = the making of a state
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