Causes Of Brain Damage

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Tumor (neoplasm)

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a mass of cells that grows independently of the rest of the body

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Meningiomas

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tumors that grow between the meninges

-about 20% of tumors are meningiomas

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meninges

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the three membranes that cover the central nervous system

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encapsulated tumors

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tumors that grow within their own membrane

-can influence the function of the brain only by the pressure they exert on surrounding tissue

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benign tumors

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tumors that are surgically removable with little risk of further growth in the body.

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infiltrating tumors

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are those that grow diffusely through surrounding tissue.

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malignant tumors

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it is difficult to remove them completely, and any cancerous tissue that remains after surgery continues to grow.

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metastatic tumors

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brain tumors that do not originate in the brain. they grow from infiltrating tumor fragments carried to the brain by the bloodstream from some other part of the body.

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tumor suppressor genes

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normal cells have tumor suppressor genes, which become dysfunctional during the growth of certain types of tumors.

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neuromas

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are tumors that grow on nerves or tracts

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strokes

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are sudden-onset cerebrovascular disorders that cause brain damage.

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cerebral hemorrhage

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occurs when a cerebral vessel ruptures and blood seeps into the surrounding neural tissue and damages it.

-bleeding in the brain

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aneurysm

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is a pathological ballonlike dilation that forms in the wall of a blood vessel at a point where the elasticity of the vessel wall is defective.

-can be present at birth or result from vascular poisons or infection

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congenital

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present at birth

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cerebral Ischemia

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is a disruption of the blood supply to an area of the brain

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thrombosis

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a plug (thrombus) is formed and blocks blood flow at the site of its formation

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embolism

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a plug that is carried by the blood from a larger vessel, where it was formed, to a smaller one, where it becomes lodged.

-embolus

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arteriosclerosis

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the wall of blood vessels thicken and the channels narrow, usually as the result of fat deposits.

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glutamate

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the brain's most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter.
- causes much of the damage associated with a stroke

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NMDA receptor

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glutamate receptor

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contusions

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closed-head injuries that involve damage to the cerebral circulatory system...bruise to the brain tissue?

--occur from when the brain slams against the inside of the skull.

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hematoma

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is a localized collection of clotted blood in an organ or tissue....a bruise.

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subdural space

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the space between the dura mater and arachnoid membrane.

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contrecoup injuries

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contusions that occur on the side of the brain opposite to the side of the blow.

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concussion

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the situation in which there is a disturbance of consciousness following a blow to the head with no cerebral bleeding or obvious structural damage

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Punch drunk syndrome

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is the dementia and cerebral scarring that is observed in boxers and other individuals who experience repeated concussions.

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dementia

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general intellectual deterioration

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encephalitis

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the inflammation associated with brain infection

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cerebral abscesses

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pockets of pus in the brain

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meningitis

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inflammation of the meninges, usually caused by bacterial infection.

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general paresis

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the insanity and intellectual deterioration resulting from syphilitic infection


syphilis: bacterial brain infection, they like fat..myelin in the brain is fat

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neurotropic

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viral infections that have a particular affinity for neural tissue.

ex. rabies

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pantroptic

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attack neural issue but not preferentially

ex mumps and herpes

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psychosis

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not in contact with reality

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toxic psychosis

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chronic insanity produced by a neurotoxin...

ex accumulation of heavy metals such as mercury and lead in the brain

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tardive dyskinesia

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a motor disorder that results from chronic use of certain antipsychotic drugs.

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autoimmune disorder

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consequence of antibodies that attack their body's own myelin.
neurotoxins...endogenous
ex: multiple sclerosis

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phenylketonuria (PKU)

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some people can't process this amino acid...passed on through a abnormal recessive gene.

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Apoptosis

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programmed cell death

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down syndrome

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a disorder associated with the presence of resulting in disfigurement and mental retardation.

trisomy --pair 21

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necrosis

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neurons and other cells that die by injury