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38 Cards in this Set

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attribute

رمز..صفه..ميز شئ. . a quality or feature, especially one that is considered to be good or usefulWhat attributes should a good manager possess?



to believe or say that a situation or event is caused by somethingThe fall in the number of deaths from heart disease is generally attributed to improvements in diet.2) if people in general attribute a particular statement, painting, piece of music etc to someone, they believe that person said it, painted it etca saying usually attributed to Confucius3) to believe or say that someone or something has a particular qualityOne should not attribute human motives to animals.— attribution


Hangover

a pain in your head and a feeling of sickness that you get the day after you have drunk too much alcoholI had a terrible hangover the next day.2) a hangover from something .


something from the past that still exists or happens but is no longer necessary or useful.This feeling was a hangover from her schooldays.an institution which is a hangover from Victorian times.

Outbreak

if there is an outbreak of fighting or disease in an area, it suddenly starts to happen.a cholera outbreak.outbreak of.outbreaks of fighting.the outbreak of World War II.

break out

if something unpleasant such as a fire, fight, or war breaks out, it starts to happen. I was still living in London when the war broke out.Does everyone know what to do if a fire breaks out?Fighting broke out between demonstrators and the police.2) to escape from a prison....: [break out of] Three men have broken out of a top-security jail.3) to change the way you live because you feel bored.: [break out of] She felt the need to break out of her daily routine.4) break out in spots/a rash/a sweat etc....


if you break out in spots etc, they appear on your skin. I broke out in a painful rash.My whole body broke out in a sweat.


Temper

a tendency to become angry suddenly or easily.That temper of hers will get her into trouble one of these days.According to Nathan, Robin has quite a temper.Theo needs to learn to control his temper.quick/bad/fiery etc temper....Be careful, he’s got a pretty violent temper.

Attribute

Syn...blame =connect =associate=trace

Trace

a small sign that shows that someone or something was present or existed.


There was no trace of anyone having entered the room since then.Petra’s lost all trace of her German accent.Officers were unable to find any trace of drugs.disappear/vanish/sink without (a) trace(=disappear completely, without leaving any sign of what happened)


1) find somebody/something to find someone or something that has disappeared by searching for them carefullyShe had given up all hope of tracing her missing daughter.Police are trying to trace a young woman who was seen near the accident.

Credit

) be credited to somebody/something ...


if something is credited to someone or something, they have achieved it or are the reason for it.Much of Manchester United’s success can be credited to their manager.

Chain reaction

1) a chemical or NUCLEAR reaction which produces energy and causes more reactions of the same kind.2) a series of related events, each of which causes the next.A sudden drop on Wall Street can set off a chain reaction in other financial markets.

Canister

1) a round metal case that contains gas and bursts when it is thrown or fired from a gunPolice fired tear gas canisters into the crowd.2) a metal container for keeping something ina tea canistera petrol canister


Split

to divide or separate something into different parts or groups, or to be divided into different parts or groupssplit intoCan you split into groups of three now?split something into somethingThe book is split into six sections.

Set off

1) to start to go somewhere. I’ll set off early to avoid the traffic.[set off for]... Jerry and I set off on foot for the beach.2) set something ↔ off...


to make something start happening, especially when you do not intend to do so. News that the claims might be true set off wide spread panic.Hong Kong’s stock market fell, setting off a global financial crisis.In written English, people often say that something .triggers a particular reaction or event, rather than sets it off, because it sounds more formal:This could trigger a global financial crisis.

Derive

] to get something, especially an advantage or a pleasant feeling, from something.derive something from something...


Medically, we will derive great benefit from this technique.derive pleasure/enjoyment etc...


Many students derived enormous satisfaction from the course.2) also be derived [I,T] to develop or come from something else → derivation.derive from...This word is derived from Latin.patterns of behaviour that derive from basic beliefs.In everyday English, people usually say that something comes from something rather than is derived from something:This word comes from Latin.3) [T] (technical) to get a chemical substance from another substance.be derived from something...The enzyme is derived from human blood.

Derive

Syn. .get=acquire=infer=obtain =extract=received

Infer

to form an opinion that something is probably true because of information that you have.infer something from something...


A lot can be inferred from these statistics.infer that...From the evidence, we can infer that the victim knew her killer.


Initiate

to arrange for something important to start, such as an official process or a new plan.They have decided to initiate legal proceedings against the newspaper.Intellectuals have initiated a debate on terrorism.2) to tell someone about something or show them how to do something.initiate somebody into something...


Those kids were initiated into heroin use at a young age.3) to introduce someone into an organization, club, group etc, usually with a special ceremony.initiate somebody into something...


At the age of thirteen, the boys in the tribe are initiated into manhood.

Reform

to improve a system, law, organization etc by making a lot of changes to it, so that it operates in a fairer or more effective way.plans to radically reform the tax system.2) [I,T] to change your behaviour and become a better person, or to make someone do this.Greeley says he’s a genuinelyبصدق..بإخلاص. . reformed character.a reformed criminal.



a change or changes made to a system or organization in order to improve it.reform of..


a reform of the legal system..economic/political/educational reformThe government announced a much-needed programme of economic reform. Reforms were made to reviveانعش the economy.far-reaching/sweeping/radical reforms.The Prime Minister is calling for sweeping شامل reforms of the NHS.

Proceedings

احداثthe proceedings also the proceeding an event or a series of things that happen.


We watched the proceedings in the street below.


At this point in the proceedings, my doctor offered me a choice.2)


[C usually plural] when someone uses a court of law to deal with a legal case.


begin/open/take proceedings (against somebody)..


She has begun divorce proceedings.


John is taking legal proceedings against his ex-partner.


3) the proceedings (formal) the official written records of a meeting, society etc...


the proceedings of ...


the proceedings of the conference.


Initiate

Syn. .start =commence=set up=launch =trigger=begin

Commence

to begin or to start something.Work will commence on the new building immediately.Your first evaluation will be six months after you commence employment.commence with..The course commences with a one week introduction to Art Theory.commence doing something..The planes commenced bombing at midnight.In everyday English, people usually say start rather than commence:The concert was just about to start.

commencement

the beginning of somethingcommencement ofthe commencement of building work2) [C,U] (AmE) a ceremony at which university, college, or high school students receive their DIPLOMA SYN graduation


Set up

1) company/organization etc ...to start a company, organization, committee etc.,, SYN establish: set something ↔ up.., They want to set up their own import–export business.new regulations for setting up political parties..set (yourself) up (as something) (= (=start your own business))..


John decided to set up as a graphic designer.

Interdependent

depending on or necessary to each other.countries with interdependent economies.— interdependently .. adverb.

Increasingly

more and more all the time.,Marketing techniques are becoming increasingly sophisticated.Increasingly, young people distrust لايثق all forms of government.


Variety

1) a variety of something...


a lot of things of the same type that are different from each other in some way.The girls come from a variety of different backgrounds.Grammar...If you are using a variety of before a plural noun, it is better to use a plural verb, although a singular verb is sometimes usedA variety of techniques were used.

Interdependent

Syn. .interconnected =reciprocal =complementary =mutual dependant

reciprocal

a reciprocal arrangement or relationship is one in which two people or groups do or give the same things to each other. → mutualHe spoke of the necessity for a reciprocal relationship that would be useful for all sides.Such treaties المعاهدات provide reciprocal rights and obligations الالتزامات.— reciprocally /-kli/ adverb


Complementary

1) complementary things go well together, although they are usually different.The computer and the human mind have different but complementary abilities.2) (technical) complementary colours of light are very different and combine to make white.3) (technical) two angles that are complementary add up to 90 degrees.— complementarity /ˌkɒmplmenˈtærti $ ˌkɑːm-/noun [U]


mutual

متبادل1) mutual feelings such as respect, trust, or hatred are feelings that two or more people have for each other → reciproca..


lmutual respect/trust/understanding etc...


Mutual respect is necessary for any partnership to work.


European nations can live together in a spirit روح of mutual trust.


I didn’t like Dev, and the feeling seemed to be mutual.


The two men were a mutual admiration society, gushing متدفق about how much they were learning from each other.

Interrelate

f two things interrelate, they are connected and have an effect on each otherWe will be discussing how the interests of state, parent and child interrelate.interrelate withEach part of the course interrelates with all the others.

In part

to some degree, but not completely., SYN... partly.His reluctance مقاومه..نفور to help could, in part, be explained by his poor eyesight.

Interrelate

Syn. .link=affecte=connect

Repercussion

اثر..انعكاس..the effects of an action or event, especially bad effects that continue for some time → consequencerepercussion forThe collapse of the company had repercussions for the whole industry.repercussion onThere were serious repercussions on his career.repercussion ofthe repercussions of the crisispolitical/social/economic etc repercussions

Repercussion

Syn..backlash =fallout =negative effect =reverberation=side effect

Fallout

1) the dangerous RADIOACTIVE dust which is left in the air after a NUCLEAR explosion and which slowly falls to ear.


thprotection against radioactive fallout.


2) the results of a particular event, especially when they are unexpected.


The political fallout of the affair cost him his job.


Backlash

a strong negative reaction by a number of people against recent events, especially against political or social developments.backlash against..


The 1970s saw the first backlash against the women’s movement.backlash from..


The management fear a backlash from fans over the team’s poor performances.

Reverberation

a severe effect that is caused by a particular event and continues for a long time .SYN... repercussion.the scandal’s political reverberations.2) [C,U] a loud sound that is heard again and again as it is sent back from different surfaces → echo


scandal

] فضيحه..نميمهan event in which someone, especially someone important, behaves in a bad way that shocks people.


It caused quite a scandal when he left his wife.


The college has recently been involved in a drugs scandal.


He has been at the centre of a political scandal.


a major scandal involving the governmenta series of financial scandals.


a sex scandal that ruinedدمر his reputation.


They had already left the country when the scandal broke.


2) [U] talk about dishonest or immoral things that famous or important people are believed to have done.


The magazine is full of gossip and scandal.


3) be a scandal (BrE) (spoken) to be very shocking or unacceptable..


The price of petrol these days is an absolute scandal!