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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
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12
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
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31
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List the three major divisions of the human nervous system.
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Somatic, Autonomic, Enteric
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What three things does the autonomic nervous system innervate?
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smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle
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What are the only glial cells present in the PNS?
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Schwann cells
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The average resting potential of neurons and neuroepithelium.
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-70 mV
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What do you find in the soma of a neuron?
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The nucleus and perikaryon, nissl bodies, neurofibrils
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What is a Nissl body?
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A dense clump of basophilic RER
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Define a multipolar neuron. What are ALL multipolar?
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Three or more processes from the soma, at least one an axon. Characteristically multiple dendrites.
MOTOR NEURONS (EFFERENT) |
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Define bipolar neuron. Where are they?
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Two processes, both axons. Special sensory apparati in both the eye and ear.
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Define unipolar neuron. Where are they found?
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A bifurcating axon. DRG and some cranial ganglia.
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What kind of neuron makes up the CNS (functionally)
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Interneuron
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Where are interneurons found in the PNS?
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Almost nowhere. The enteric system.
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The embryological origin of all neurons and neuroglia.
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Ectoderm.
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The 4 fates of neural crest cells, in relation to the PNS
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Sensory: craniospinal ganglia, Postgang of ANS, Schwann cells, Satellite cells
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The appearance of the neuronal nucleus.
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Fried Egg
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Where are Nissl bodies NOT found?
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The axon hillock.
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What accumulates in the neurons as we age?
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Lipofuscin.
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The three major POTENTIALS and their locations.
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Graded potential=dendrite, Action potential=axon, End plate potential=post synaptic membrane.
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What are the 2 acronyms for neuron potentials?
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EPSP and IPSP. Excitatory/Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential.
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Are there action potentials on dendrites?
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NO. The potential on a dendrite is called a GRADED pontential, because it is capable of summation.
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Relate the speed of dendritic transport to another kind of neuronal transport
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Slow, unmyelinated axonal transport...the burning fuse.
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Length of the axon in the PNS.
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Long
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Do axons taper?
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No. Dendrites do.
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Where and how do axons branch?
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At Nodes of Ranvier, only at 90 degrees.
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Characterize slow axonal transport.
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Always one way: AWAY from the soma.
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Characterize fast axonal transport. Name the two proteins
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Bidirectional, ATP dependent.
Dyneins return to the soma, kinesins transport out. |
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Who is responsible for the intiation of rapid depolarization? At what membrane potential does this typically occur?
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Sodium, -40 (Remember the postive Nernst potential of sodium)/
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Where is the action potential generated via threshold in the neuron?
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The trigger zone.
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Whats the problem with receptor mediated endocytosis?
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Neurons suck in bacteria or toxins at the synaptic terminal, dyenin will shuttle it back to the soma.
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A toxin that blocks rapid axonal transport.
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Colchicine.
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Which refractory period can be reversed with a powerful stimulus? Which cannot?
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Relative. Absolute.
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The two mechanically operated receptors we've studied thus far.
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Meissners and Pacinians corpuscles.
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Stand in the middle of an axon and walk out. What 6 layers will you hit in order?
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1. Axoplasm
2. Axolemma 3. Periaxonal space 4. Myelin sheath 5. Schwann cell 6. External lamina |
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What kind of conduction occurs in a myelinated neuron? Unmyelinated?
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Saltatory. Continuous.
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2 basic operational models of a ligand-gated ion channel?
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1. The ligand will open the channel itself (ionotropic)
2. The ligand will activate a second messenger cascade (metabotropic) |
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Are Schwann cells capable of mitosis in a mature PNS?
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YES.
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What key intermediate filament do Schwann cells contain?
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GFAP
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When is Schwann cell not a Schwann cell?
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When it's a satellite cell wrapped around the cell body of a neuron.
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The principal calcium-dependent adhesion molecule in the nervous system?
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N-cadherin
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What two factors affect the velocity of the action potential? How?
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1. Axon diameter. The bigger the better.
2. Presence or absence of the myelin sheath. Durrr. |
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What animal does a Schwann cell resemble? Why?
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Boa constrictor, wrapping and fusing around a portion of the axon.
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What is the dense line? Name the protein.
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The fusion of P surfaces of the Schwann cell as they wrap. Myelin Basic Protein.
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What is the intraperiod line? Name the protein.
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The fusion of the E surfaces of the Schwann cell as it wraps. Protein 0.
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Name the protein that attaches synaptic vesicles to microfilaments.
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Synapsin
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Name the protein that attaches synaptic vesicles to the terminal membrane.
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Synaptophysin.
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Contents of clear synaptic vesicles.
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Acetylcholine.
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Contents of dense synaptic vesicles.
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Norepinephrine.
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**What moves synaptic vesicles from microfilaments to the terminal membrane?
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Ca-dependent CaM Kinase 1
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Name of a real break in the myelin sheath. Name of a false break in the myelin sheath.
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Node of Ranvier. Cleft of Schmidt-Lantermann
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What is the neurokeratin network?
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An artifact of histological mounting. Where the myelin (lipid) sheath actually was.
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The three kinds of PNS fibers, and their characteristics.
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1. A: big, fast, acute pain, GSE
2. B: medium, moderate, GVE (pregang) 3. C: small, slow, GVE (postgang) |
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Collection of nerve fibers
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Fasicle
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1. CT in the fasicle
2. CT around the fasicle 3. CT around ALL fasicles |
Endoneurium. Perineurium. Epineurium.
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What protein makes sure a transmitted signal ends?
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Acetylcholinesterase
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What neurotransmitter communicates with skeletal muscle cells?
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ALWAYS acetylcholine.
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The three types of nonencapsulated mechanoreceptors
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Free nerve endings (eye), Merkel's disks (skin), Peritrichial cells (hair)
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The neurotransmitter in the DRG.
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Glutamate
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The neurons that use Acetylcholine
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GSE and pregang GVE
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The neurons that use norepi (GENERALL)
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Postgang GVE
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Adrenergic: meaning and location
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Use norepi: postgang sym, sweat in hands
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Cholinergic: meaning and location
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Use ACh: postgang parasym, every sweat gland except the hands, GVE
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Structure of neuron cell bodies in ALL AUTONOMIC GANGLIA
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multipolar
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Structure of neuron cell bodies in the DRG
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unipolar
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