Catos Exam 3 Respiratory System

Front 1

If looked at structurally (clinical significance) the respiratory system can be divided into upper and lower areas. They consist of:

Back 1

Upper: nose to pharynx
Lower: Larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

Front 2

The two functional parts of the respiratory system are
Conducting
Respiratory

Back 2

Conducting- carries air, from nose to terminal bronchioles
Respiratory-gas exchange (*alveloi) respiratory bronchioles to alveolar ducts and sacs

Front 3

Details regarding inhalation:

Back 3

Diaphram muscle
Primary stromal fibers are elastic
Alveloar pressure falls below atm pressure
Boyle's Law: pV=K

Front 4

What is the average tidal volume and number of respirations in a healthy individuals?

Back 4

Tidal Volume ~500mL
14/min

Front 5

Respiratory Epithelium is:

Back 5

Pseudostratified ciliated epi

Front 6

Does the conducting Portion fx in gas exchange?

Back 6

NO!

Front 7

What is the function of the conducting portion of the resp system?

Back 7

Warm, moisten and filter air.

Front 8

How are the airways kept open?

Back 8

By rigid walls supported by bone, cartilage & sm muscle
Has a thick basement membrane

Front 9

What are the five cell types found in the conducting portion?

Back 9

Goblet Cells
Cilliated Columnar
Basal cells
Brush Cells
DNES cells

Front 10

Which 2/5 cells in the conducting portion don't reach the lumen?

Back 10

Basal cells and DNES
All five contact the thick basement membrane

Front 11

Goblet cells

Back 11

Produce mucus that traps particulate matter, moistens and prevents dessication

Front 12

Basal cells

Back 12

don't reach the lumen, are cuboidal and are stem cells that replace goblet cells, ciliated columnar, and brush cells

Front 13

Slim columnar w/ tall microvilli & ONLY cell found in ALL airways?
Fx?

Back 13

Brush Cells
Function is unknown, but is possibly part of the visceral autonomic reflex

Front 14

Ciliated Columnar Cells function?

Back 14

Do not produce mucus, but cilia beat mucus toward the oropharynx w/ the effective stroke and thus push trapped particulate matter and mucus to the GI tract

Front 15

When does the presence of cilia begin to lessen in the respiratory system?

Back 15

In the respiratory brochioles

Front 16

When do epi cells decrease in height?

Back 16

Terminal bronchioles change from simple columnar to simple cuboidal ciliated.

Front 17

What is the first epi tissue in the respiratory system not to have goblet cells?

Back 17

Terminal Bronchioles

Front 18

External nares have:

Back 18

Thin skin

Front 19

Nasal Vestibule has (2):

Back 19

Thin skin and coarse hairs

Front 20

Nasal cavity proper, list 4 characteristics

Back 20

Mostly lined by resp epi
3 shelves conchae
Choanae (internal nares)
Very vascular lamina propria

Front 21

The lamina propria in the nasal cavity proper has(2)

Back 21

Swell bodies-30min, rehydrate
Mucoperiosteum

Front 22

What is the significance of the conchae?

Back 22

They cause turbulent precipitaion, air eddies, facilitating contact of air with mucus to trap particulate matter.

Front 23

"Olfactory Epithelium"

Back 23

Pseudostratified

Front 24

3 cell types found in the olfactory mucosa in order (from base) in which thier nuclei can be found?

Back 24

Basal cells (lower 1/3)
Olfactory Cells (middle 1/3)
Supporting Cells (upper 1/3)

Front 25

Basal cells in the olfactory mucosa

Back 25

Stem cells for all 3 types found here (don't LL fried eggs)

Front 26

The lamina propria in the nasal cavity proper has(2)

Back 26

Swell bodies-30min, rehydrate
Mucoperiosteum

Front 27

What is the significance of the conchae?

Back 27

They cause turbulent precipitaion, air eddies, facilitating contact of air with mucus to trap particulate matter.

Front 28

"Olfactory Epithelium"

Back 28

Pseudostratified

Front 29

3 cell types found in the olfactory mucosa in order (from base) in which thier nuclei can be found?

Back 29

Basal cells (lower 1/3)
Olfactory Cells (middle 1/3)
Supporting Cells (upper 1/3)

Front 30

Basal cells in the olfactory mucosa

Back 30

Stem cells for all 3 types found here (don't LL fried eggs)

Front 31

Olfactory cells in the olfactory mucosa

Back 31

Bipolar, w/ nonmotile cilia, 1st order neurons of the olfactory pathway, olfactory glands of bowman.

Front 32

Olfactory Glands of Bowman

Back 32

In lamina propria
Secrete watery fluid which is carried to the surface by ducts

Front 33

watery fluid of Olfactory Glands of Bowman contain:

Back 33

Lysozyme, IgA (plasma cells), and OBP odorant binding protein

Front 34

Paranasal Sinuses

Back 34

Mucoperiosteum
Resp Epithelim
Comm w/ nasal cavity
Seromucous glands (goblet-lots)

Front 35

In the larnynx, regarding the true vocal cords:
Vocalis:
Vocal ligament:

Back 35

Sk muscle
band of elastic fibers

Front 36

During phonation the vocal cords are __________

Back 36

ADucted and the space btwn vocal cords chgs to a linear slit

Front 37

Choana to soft palate is called the:

Back 37

Nasopharynx
It has respiratory epi
-eustachian tube

Front 38

Explain odorants binding to receptors on cilia on the olfactory cells to nerve impulses

Back 38

Odorants bind to receptors on cilia on the olfactory cells, activating G-proteins on the PM, increase in cAMP, Na channels open, Na influx, depolarize general potential and nerve impulses travel along the axons

Front 39

Where are Clara cells found?

Back 39

Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory Bronchioles

Front 40

Where can you find smooth muscle lining the open section of horseshoe shaped hyaline cartilage?

Back 40

Trachea

Front 41

The lamina propria of the trachea is:

Back 41

seromucus

Front 42

What type of epithelium is in the trachea?

Back 42

Respiratory Epithelium meaning psuedostratified epi

Front 43

In the Bronchial Tree bifrucates the trachea at

Back 43

T5, the hilius

Front 44

Three things that increase along the bronchial tree:

Back 44

Surface area
Sm muscle, and amt of elastic fibers (relative to the diameter of the airway.

Front 45

Four things that decrease along the bronchial tree:

Back 45

Diameter, amount of cartilage, height of cilia, and # of glands

Front 46

Primary (main) bronchi
Glands:
Cartilage:
Epi:
Travel buddies:

Back 46

Glands: mixed
Cartilage: O-rings of cartilage
Epi: Resp epi
Travel buddies: artery, vein and lymphatics

Front 47

Secondary (Lobar) Bronchi
# of lobes/secondary bronchi
Type of epi

Back 47

L 2 lobes
R 3 lobes
Typical resp epi

Front 48

Tertiary (segmental) Bronchi
Where they branch:
Each goes to a:
How many BP do each lung have?

Back 48

Branch IN lobes
Each goes to a bronchopulmonary segment, of which, each lung has 10

Front 49

Conducting Bronchioles (4 characteristics)

Back 49

Short, branch often
Supplies pulmonary lobule
No glands or cartilage
transition to simple columnar ciliated w/ goblet cells

Front 50

How is the influence of the ANS different in the smooth muscle conducting bronchioles?

Back 50

Sympathetics cause relaxation (increase diameter)
Parasympathetics (via vagus) cause constriction

Front 51

In asthma attacks, what is used to cause relaxation?

Back 51

Epinephrine

Front 52

In the conducting bronchioles histamine, leukotrienes and prostaglandins cause:

Back 52

Constriction

Front 53

In terminal bronchioles the epi changes:

Back 53

From columnar to ciliated cuboidal, w/o goblet cells

Front 54

In terminal bronchioles Clara cells can be found. What two functions are associated?

Back 54

Secrete surfactant-like product
Act as stem cells for ciliated and non-ciliated cells

Front 55

What are the three parts of the pulmonary vascular supply?

Back 55

Pulmonary Artery - follows bronchioles
Pulmonary Vein
Bronchiole Art & Vein (don't run together)
Art-high in 02, eventually dumps into pulm artery
Vein-runs in septae

Front 56

Lung lobule septum

Back 56

connective tissue

Front 57

DPPC (dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine) - mono molecular film over the surface forming 2 layers
What are the two layers? and DPPC's significance?

Back 57

Aqueous Phase and Superficial Lipid Phase
DPPC reduces surface tension, thus preventing alveolar collapse during expiration

Front 58

The Interalveolar Septum consist of a thick and a thin region. What is the importance of the thin region?

Back 58

It is the blood-air-barrier
ie gas exchange

Front 59

What are the four layers of the Blood-air-barrier in the thin interalveolar septum?

Back 59

Endothelium (cont. cap)
Fused Basal Lamina
Type 1 Pneumocytes
Surfactant

Front 60

The respiratory portion consists of 4 structures:

Back 60

Respiratory Bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts
Alveolar Sacs
Alveoli

Front 61

Alveolar Pores
Pro vs Con

Back 61

Alt route for gas to alveoli
A pathway for infection

Front 62

Alveolar sacs have no smooth muscle and are:

Back 62

Expanded outpouching of many alveoli

Front 63

Do alveolar ducts have smooth muscle?

Back 63

yes, they are the last pt w/ sm muscle

Front 64

Along the alveolar ducts, what increases?

Back 64

alveoli, until there is nothing but alveoli

Front 65

What increases and decreases along the respiratory bronchioles?

Back 65

Decrease:
# ciliated cells
Increase:
# of alveoli
# of Clara cells

Front 66

Respiratory Bronchioles have what type of cells?

Back 66

Simple cuboidal epi, some Clara and some ciliated

Front 67

What is on either side of respiratory bronchioles?

Back 67

Alveoli on one side and pulmonary artery branch on the other side

Front 68

Alveoli are:
How many per lung:
Amt of SA:
Separated by:
Rimmed by:

Back 68

Alveoli are pouch-like evaginations
How many per lung: 300 million
Amt of SA: HUGE
Separated by: interalveolar septae w/ alveolar pores
Rimmed by: Elastic Fibers

Front 69

What is the pathology of emphesema?

Back 69

The alveolar macrophages make too much elastase.

Front 70

"Dust Cells"

Back 70

Alveolar Macrophages

Front 71

Alveolar Macrophages

Back 71

Monocytes that phagocytose particulate matter, and make elastase

Front 72

What are the two type of alveoli epi?

Back 72

Type I and II Pneumocytes

Front 73

Type I Pneumocytes
4 characteristics

Back 73

Very thin, good for gas xchg
40% of cells but 95% SA
Tight Junctions
Non-mitotic

Front 74

*Type I Pneumocytes have

Back 74

Tight Junctions

Front 75

Which are mitotic, Type I or Type II Pneumocytes?

Back 75

Type II Pneumocytes are mitotic and form Type I & II

Front 76

Type II Pneumocytes are cuboidal and buldge into alveolus w/

Back 76

microvilli

Front 77

Do type I or II pneumocytes have tight juncitons?

Back 77

Both have TJxs

Front 78

Where can you find membrane bound lamellar bodies? What is thier significance?

Back 78

In Type II pneumocytes
They form pulmonary surfactant, DPPC and have tubular "myelin"