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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the six general functions of the digestive system?
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Ingestion
Motility Nutrient Absorption Defecation Endocrine Organs Role in immune defense |
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4 parts of the alimentary canal?
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Esophagus
Stomach Sm Intestines Large Intestines |
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What can be found in the following layers of the general mucosa of the alimentary canal:
Epithelium Lamina Propria Muscularis Mucosae |
Epithelium:
St. sg non-ker Simple columnar DNES (stom and sml int) Lamina Propria: Cx tiss, ret fibers, fenestrated capillaries Fx as part of immune system Muscularis Mucosae: 2 layers of smooth muscle Inner circular Outer longitudinal |
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What is found in the submucosa of the alimentary canal?
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Type 1 collagen
Large Blood Vessels Simp. Branched Tubular glands in esop and duo Meissner's Plexus (parasym) |
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What is found in the Muscularis Externa of the alimentary canal?
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Myenteric Plexus of Auerbach
(Upper) Sk muscle (Lower) Smth muscle Inner circular muscle Outer longitudinal muscle |
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What is found in the adventitia of the alimentary canal?
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Thin cx tiss (type 1)
Can be intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal |
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What do intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal mean?
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intraperitoneal (covered in serosa)
retroperitoneal (behind serosa) |
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Both the lining of tubular organs and all compact organs are from what germ layer?
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Endoderm
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What epithelium lines the oral cavity?
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St sq nonker
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What epi lines the gingiva and hard palate?
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St sq parakeritanized
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What epi covers the dorsum of the tongue?
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Mainly st sq nonker.
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Lipases and locations?
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Lingual - von Ebner (vallate papillae)
Gastric -chief cells Pancreatic - acinar cells |
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What is the type of muscle and name of the muscle in the lips?
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Sk muscle
orbicularis oris |
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Characteristics of the vermilion border?
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Pink due to cap beds
No glands Very vascular Highly innervated Int. aspect slightly keritinized (must be kept wet via licking) |
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What is the vesitbule in the oral cavity?
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bounded by cheeks, teeth, lips and gums
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What is the oral cavity proper?
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bounded by gums and teeth to fauces
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Fauces:
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opening btwn oral cavity and oropharnx
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Does skeletal muscle in the tongue branch?
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NO!
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What movements and innervations are linked to extrinsic and intrinsic tongue muscles?
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Extrinsic - move and protrude, CN 9
Intrinsic - alter shape (roll), CN 12 |
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What divides the body and root of the tongue?
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Sulcus terminalis
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What are the three type of lingual papillae, and how are they innervated?
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Filiform (pain)
Fungiform (CN 7) Vallate (CN 9) |
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What are the 5 characteristics of filiform papillae?
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Parakeritanized
Most numerous Gray, velvety appearance Tactile receptors (pain) Curve toward fauces |
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What are the 3 characteristics of fungiform papillae?
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LL Mushrooms
aprox 5 taste buds each on apical surface (CN 7) Can be seen w/ naked eye |
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What are the 4 characteristics of vallate papillae?
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Large & least numerous
V-shaped row near sulcus von Ebners empty lingual lipase to crypt Taste buds on sides (CN9) |
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Which of the five primary tastes use channels and which use G proteins?
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Channels:
Salty Sour G-protein: Sweet Bitter Umami |
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What are 4 characteristics of taste buds?
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Life span ~ 10 days
barrel shaped located on epi on many fungiform & all vallate |
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Gustatory receptor include Type III Basal cells and
Type I, II, IV. Differentiate |
Type III Basal cells: unipotential stem cells that regenerate other cells
Type I, II, IV: Elongated cells with microvilli extending to taste pore. SVA neurons are around the base of the receptor cells |
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What are the two important glands of the tongue? Are they mixed glands?
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Posterior Lingual Glands
von Ebner Glands Neither are mixed |
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Where are posterior lingual glands found? are they mucous or serous?
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Mixed glands found in lamina propria of the tongue.
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What is the PDL?
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Periodontal Ligament, an "immovable joint" with dense fibrous cx tissue and Sharpey's fibers
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Enamel, dentin and cementum are all:
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Avascular
Dentin and cementum are mainly collagen |
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What is the mucoperiosteum and where is it found (2)?
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immobile lamina propria firmly anchored to periosteum of bone. It is found in the gingiva and the hard palate
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What is the pulp cavity?
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It extends through the roots of teeth as the root canal
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What is the alveolus?
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The bony socket in which teeth are suspended by fibers of PDL
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What is the gingiva?
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Gums. They are parakeritinized & are 1 location that has a mucoperiosteum
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What is the location of:
Dentin: Enamel: Cementum: |
Dentin: Bulk of tooth
Enamel: Covers dentin of crown Cementum: Covers dentin of root |
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What is the cell of:
Dentin: Enamel: Cementum: |
Dentin: odontoblast
Enamel: ameloblast Cementum: cementocytes |
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What is the germ layer of:
Dentin: Enamel: Cementum: |
Dentin: Neural crest
Enamel: Ectoderm Cementum: Mesoderm |
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3 details of parakeritinized epithelium:
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No stratum granulosum
Superficial cells retain nuclei Form when child begins eating solid food |
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What are the differences btwn the hard and soft palate?
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hard palate: bone, st sq paraker, mucoperiosteum
soft palate: sk muscle, st sq nonker |
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What are the three types of salivary glands?
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Serous
Mucous Myoepithelial |
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What are the germ layer origins, innervations of the following:
Parotid: Submandibular: Sublingual: |
Parotid: Ecto, CN 9
Submandibular: Endo, CN 7 Sublingual: Endo, CN 7 |
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Additional details of the following?
Parotid: Submandibular: Sublingual: |
Parotid: acinar(serous), intercalated ducts, contain unilocular adipocytes
Submandibular: mixed but mostly acinar Sublingual: mixed but mostly mucous, branced tubuloacinar |
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What are the two type of intralobular ducts in the tongue? Differentiate btwn them?
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Intercalated: simple cuboidal, exit directly from acini or tubules
Striated: simple columnar, basal infoldings, appear pink due to high number of mitochondria |
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Most of our salivia comes from what gland?
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Submandibular
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Parasym and Sym both increase salivary production (GVE). So, what is the difference?
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Para: more watery
Symp: more viscous |
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What are the 4 fx of saliva?
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Moisten/cleanse/lubricate
Salivary Amylase (carb) Dissolve food Antibacterial |
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What are the three antibacterial agents in saliva?
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Secretory IgA
Lactoferrin Lysozyme |
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What are the effects of antibacterial agents in saliva?
Secretory IgA Lactoferrin Lysozyme |
Secretory IgA: made by plasma cells
Lactoferrin: binds iron, essential for bacterial metabolism Lysozyme: breaks down cell walls of bacteria |
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Where is the "upper" digestive tract? What is its epithelium?
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Oral cavity and esophagus
St sq epi |
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Where is the "lower" digestive tract? What is its epithelium?
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Stomach, intestines, anal canal
Simple columnar |
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What makes up the common mucosal barrier in the stomach?
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Tight Junctions (prevent H ion backflow) and mucus (protection)
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What and where is helicobacteria pylori?
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bacteria in the stomach, that is the primary cause of stomach ulceration and cancer
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What effect do leptin and ghrelin have on hunger?
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Leptin decreases it and ghrelin increases it
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How does ghrelin work in regards to hunger?
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It works as a signal mediator btwn intestines and hypothalamus, causing an increase in metabolic efficiency when nutriets are limited.
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What is the cephalic phase?
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It increases secretion and motility due to psychological factors. During this phase gastrin is released to the blood and HCl and pepsinogen are secreted
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What is the gastric phase?
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It stimulates secretion and motility due to the (stretch) physical presence of food in the stomach. It is elicited by gastrin and histamine.
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What is the intestinal phase?
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In this phase secretion and motility are decreased. Secretin decreases secretion, and CCK inhibits stomach emptying.
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What does the enterogastric reflex cause?
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contraction of the pyloric sphincter
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What are the 5 fundic gland cell types?
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1. Pluripotential
2. Mucous Neck cells 3. Parietal Cells 4. Chief cells 5. DNES cells |
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What are four general characteristics of gastric glands?
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In lamina propria
No true duct, just gastric pit Gastric pit lined with surface mucus epi Branched |
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What are the common characteristics of cardiac and pyloric glands?
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They are both short, coiled and mucous. The pyloric produce lysoszymes and hormones
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What are the general characteristics of fundic glands? What are the three locations?
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Don't coil, and are long.
Isthmus, neck and base |
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What type of cells can be found in the isthmus (1)?
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DNES
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What type of cells can be found in the neck of fundic glands (4)?
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Stem cells
Mucous cells Parietal cells DNES cells |
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What type of cells can be found in the base of fundic glands (3)?
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Parietal
Chief DNES |
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Where can Langerhan cells be found in the esophagus?
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In the lining epithelium
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What type of epi is the lining epithelium?
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St sq nonker
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What are the characteristics of the muscularis mucosae in the esophagus?
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Only 1 layer
Longitudinal thicker near stomach |
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What are the characteristics of the muscularis externa?
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Upper 1/3 sk muscle
Middle 1/3 mixed sk and sm Lower 1/3 sm muscle Auerbach's plexus |
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What are the two types of mucous glands in the esophagus?
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Submucosa-esoph glands proper
Lamina Propria-esoph cardiac glands |
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What do the physiological sphincters look like? What do they prevent?
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Just smooth muscle
Reflux |
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In the stomach the muscularis externa has 3 layers, why? what are they?
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Mixing waves
Inner oblique Middle circular Outer longitudinal |
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What are rugae?
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Contracted folds in the lining cells of the stomach.
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What do the lining cells of the stomach produce?
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neutral mucosa that becomes alkaline from HCO3 from parietal cells
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Lining cells are called:
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Epithelial sheet
(have tight junctions) entire lining acts as a gland |
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Where are (FG) pluripotential stem cells found? What do they do? What type of migration?
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Btwn mucous cells in the neck of the stomach.
Replace ALL cells lining fundic glands, gastric pits and luminal surfaces. They have bidirectional migration. |
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Where are mcous neck cells found?
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N/A but Neck of course
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Where are you in fundic gland if you see cheif cells?
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In the base
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What do parietal cells secrete?
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Gastric Intrinsic Factor, which is required for vit B12 binding and absorption. W/o it--> pernicious anemia
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Where can parietal cells be found in the fundic gland?
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In the neck and base
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Why are parietal cells acidophillic?
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Due to thier high content of mitochondria.
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How do parietal cells increase thier capabitlities?
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Via invaginations of the apical plasma membrane.
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What hormones positively effect parietal cells acid production? 3
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Gastrin from APUD
Histamine from APUD & Mast cells ACh from parasymp |
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What hormones negatively effect parietal cells acid production?
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Prostaglandins
Somatostatin from APUD |
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What does somatostatin do in parietal cells?
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Inhibits gastrin (indirect)
Inhibits parietal cells (direct) |
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What are the 5 contents of gastric juice?
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H2O
HCl and gastric intrinsic factor Pepsinogen & Gastric Lipase Protective mucus Soluble mucus |
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What are three characteristics of chief cells?
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Base cells
Increased RER in basal cyto Zymogen granules in apical cyto |
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What are the three general functions of the small intestines?
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Digestion of chyme-dud
Absorption of nutrients-jejunum Production of hormones-DNES cells |
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What explain the three luminal surface absorptive modification of the small intestines?
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Plicae Circularis
Intestinal Villi (crypts, surface absorptive cells, and goblet cells) Striated Border Microvilli |
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What are the Crypts of Lieberkuhn?
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invaginations btwn villi in the lamina propria of the small intestines that increase surface area.
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What is the general epithelium of the small intestines?
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Simple columnar
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What are the four additional cell types found in the epi of the small intestines?
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Surface Absorptive Cells- very important, why?
Goblet Cells-(unicellular gland) APUD cells M cells |
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Surface Absorptive Cells- very important, why?
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have Striated microvilli for terminal digestion, absorption of H2O and nutrients, they re-esterify FA and have the infamous glycocalyx
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What cells can be found in the crypts of Lieberkuhn of the small intestines?
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Stem cells in crypts
Surface Abs Cells Goblet Cells APUD (remain in crypt) Paneth (remain in crypt) |
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What is the significance of Paneth Cells?
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they have big acidophillic granules that make lysozyme, TNFα and defensins
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What are 5 characteristics of the Lamina Propria in the small intestines?
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Very Cellular
Many fenestrated caps Many lymphatics "lacteals" Sm muscle from muscularis mucosae Intestinal crypst of Lieberkuhn |
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What can be found in the Duodenum? Ileum?
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Brunner's Glands
Peyer's Patches |
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What increase as you progress through the duo, jejunum, Ileum, cecum, colon, and anal canal?
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Goblet cells
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What are Brunner's Glands?
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Found in the mucosa of the duodenum
LL mucous acini Secrete alkaline mucous thus activating enzymes in chyme Make epidermal growth factor |
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What are four characteristics of the appendix?
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NO function
No taenia coli Fewer/shorter crypts More lymphoid nodules |
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What is the progression of epi from the rectum, pectinate line, ext anal orifice, to anus?
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Simple cuboidal/columnar
St columnar St sq non-keratinized St sq keratinized |
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As the colon progresses:
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Goblet cells increase in #
and absorptive cells decrease |
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The muscularis externa of the colon is:
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Only one layer, outer longitudinal, arranged in strips called taeniae coli
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What are characteristics of the colon?
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No villi
Many crypts but no paneth cells Haustra Coli |
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What do colon absorb?
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H2O, **Vitamin K, drugs, electrolytes
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The exocrine pancreas is from what germ layer?
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endoderm
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The main pancreatic duct joins the common bile ducto to enter the duodenum as the:
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Ampulla of Vater
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Promotes H2O and ion transport by stimulating intercalated duct cells to secrete large volumes of fluid:
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Secretin
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What 2 things does CCK stimulate? What does it inhibit?
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Acinar cells to make digestive enzymes
Pancreatic Juice Inhibits: gastric emptying |
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What are the two locations of zymogen granules in the alimentary canal?
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Cheif cells
Exocrine Pancreas |
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Serous compound tubuloacinar gland, from endoderm, w/ reticular fibers:
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Exocrine Pancreas
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Where do acinar cells discharge into in the exocrine pancreas?
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Intercellular secretory canaliculi
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exocrine pancreas acinar cells produce what 4 proenzymes?
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Trypsinogen
Chymotrypsinogen Procarboxypeptidase Proelastase |
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exocrine pancreas acinar cells produce what 4 proteolytic enzymes?
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Pancreatic Amylase
Pancreatic Lipase Deoxyribonuclease Ribonuclease |
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How do you KNOW you are in the pancrease?
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Lumen has centroacinar cells
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What in the purpose of the intercalated ducts in the exocrine pancreas?
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make serous HCO3 alkaline fluid to activate enzymes via carbonic anhydrase.
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Is the liver considered to be an endocrine or exocrine gland?
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Both
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List two characteristics of the liver, and explain the lobes.
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Primary stromal fibers are reticular fibers, and capsule is called Glissons Capsule.
The R and L lobes are divided by the falciform ligament, and the quadate and caudate lobes are considered to be part of the left lobe |
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What 3 things enter the liver at the Portal Hepatis?
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Hepatic Portal Vein
Hepatic Artery Proper Autonomic Nerves |
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What 2 things exit the liver at the Portal Hepatis?
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R&L hepatic ducts (bile)
Many efferent lymphatics |
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What make up the Intelobular septa in the liver?
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PortalHepatis contents
Portal areas Limiting Plate Periportal Tissue space of Mall (tissue fluid) |
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What five structures can be found in the portal area of the liver?
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Terminal portal venule
Terminal hepatic arteriole Bile ductule(cuboidal) Lymphatic Cap Nerve branches (type C) |
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What three structures pass through the limiting membrane in the liver?
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Capillary
Inlet Venule Bile Ductule |
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How many classic lobes are there in the liver? How are the hepatocytes arranged?
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6 lobes
Arranged in radiating 2-cell thick cords w/in lobule |
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Outline blood flow from the portal areas of the liver?
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Portal area to sinusiods to central vein to hepatic veins to IVC
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2 characteristics of each:
Central Vein Sinusoids |
Thin walls, no valves
Lined by endothelial cells and macrophages |
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What is found in the perisinusoidal space of disse?
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Tissue fluid
Nerve fibers Fibroblasts Reticular fibers Hepatic Stellate Cells |
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Plasma leaks from the hepatic sinusoid to the:
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perisinusoidal space of disse
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What two cell types can be found in the Hepatic Sinusoids?
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Endothelial cells - fenestrated w/ no diaphram and bidirectional flow. "Sieve plate pores"
Resident Fixed Macrophages called "Kupffer cells" that filter blood. |
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Hepatic Stellate cells are from:
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Mesenchyme
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Hepatic Stellate Cells are:
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Near sinusoids
Accumulate lipid Storage and met vit A |
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Hepatic stellate cells that are pathogenic secrete:
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Type I collagen
(cirrohsis) |
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Why don't hepatocytes stain well?
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Many mito, many Golgi, lots of RER and sER
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Lymphatics of the liver are:
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efferent
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NINE general hepatocyte functions?
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Secrete Bile
Immune Fx Blood Filtering Endo Fx Protein Catabolism Lipid Metabolism Vitamin Storage Detoxify Drugs and alcohol |
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3 Important Surfaces of the hepatocyte?
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Bile canaliculus microvilli
Tight Junctions Space of Disse |
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Characterize Zone I in the liver acinus:
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Around portal area
Recieves blood supply 1st Has highest nutrient and O2 content Most metabolically active zone Active synthesis of glycogen and plasma proteins |
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Characterize Zone III in the liver acinus:
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Closest to central vein
Recieve blood lowest in O2 and nutrients Highest conc of metabolic waste Area is more vulnerable to damage or destruction |
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Stores and concentrates bile via Na pumps
Simple columnar cells held together by tight junctions |
Gallbladder
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The muscularis of the gallbladder is composed of a thing layer of smooth muscles with receptors for:
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CCK
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CCK (cholecstokinin)
Typical effect: Effect in sphicter of oddi: |
Typical effect: Binds to receptors on smooth muscle and caused intermittent contraction
Effect in sphicter of oddi: relaxation |
