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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Abbas (1571–1629)
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Safavid leader, he took back land that had been lost to the Ottomans. He also made great contributions to the Safavid economy and culture.
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Abu Bakr (uh-boo BAK-uhr) (c. 573–634)
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The first caliph, he ruled the Muslim world after Muhammad’s death.
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Akbar (1542–1605)
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Mughal emperor, he conquered new lands and worked to make the Mughal government stronger. He also began a tolerant religious policy that helped unify the empire.
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al-Idrisi (1100–1165)
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Muslim geographer, he collected information from Arab travelers in order to write an accurate geography book.
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al-Khwarizmi (c. 780–850)
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Muslim mathematician, he laid the foundation for modern algebra.
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Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274)
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Dominican philosopher, he argued that rational thought could be used to support Christian belief.
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Aristotle (384–322 BC)
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Greek philosopher, he wrote about astronomy, geography, and many other fields. His idea that people should observe the world carefully to draw logical conclusions helped shape science.
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Askia the Great (c. 1443–1538)
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Songhai ruler, he overthrew Sunni Baru. His reign was the high point of Songhai culture.
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Atahualpa (1502–1533)
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The last Inca king, he was killed by Francisco Pizarro.
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Babur (1483–1530)
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Indian emperor, he founded the Mughal Empire.
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Francis Bacon (1561–1626)
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English philosopher, he argued that science could be pursued in a systematic, logical fashion. His ideas helped develop the scientific method.
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Benedict (c. 480–547)
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Italian saint and monk, he created a set of rules for monks to follow.
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Sandro Botticelli (1445–1510)
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Italian Renaissance painter, he is famous for painting scenes from Roman myths.
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Tycho Brahe (1546–1601)
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Danish astronomer of the Scientific Revolution, he emphasized the importance of careful observation
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Pieter Brueghel (1525–1569)
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Belgian painter of the Northern Renaissance, he painted people in everyday activities.
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Filippo Brunelleschi (1377– 1446)
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Italian Renaissance architect, he used mathematical formulas to design strong buildings.
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John Cabot (c. 1450–1499)
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Italian sailor who sailed for Henry VII of England, he reached the coast of Canada.
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Pedro Cabral (c. 1467–c. 1520)
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Portuguese sailor, he claimed Brazil for Portugal.
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John Calvin (1509–1564)
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Christian reformer, he taught about predestination, living good lives, and obeying God’s laws.
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Jacques Cartier (zhahk kahr-tyay) (1491–1557)
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French explorer, he sailed up the Saint Lawrence River and claimed land in North America for France.
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Miguel de Cervantes (mee-GEL day ser-VAHN-tays) (1547–1616)
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Spanish writer, he wrote Don Quixote.
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Charlemagne (SHAHR-luh-mayn) (742–814)
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King of the Franks, he was a brilliant warrior and strong leader. He was crowned Emperor of the Romans in 800.
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Charles I (1600–1649)
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King of England, his conflict with Parliament caused the English Civil War. He was beheaded in 1649.
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Charles II (1630–1685)
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King of England, he was the son of Charles I. He was asked by Parliament to rule England after the death of Oliver Cromwell.
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Geoffrey Chaucer (CHAW-suhr) (c. 1342–1400)
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Medieval English poet, he wrote The Canterbury Tales.
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Clovis (c. 466–511)
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Frankish king, he built a huge kingdom in Gaul.
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Christopher Columbus (1451–1506)
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Italian sailor supported by the rulers of Spain, he reached the Americas in 1492, becoming the first European to do so.
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Confucius (551–479 BC)
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Chinese philosopher, he emphasized ethical behavior for individuals and governments.
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Constantine (KAHN-stuhn-teen) (c. 280–337)
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First Christian Roman emperor, he briefly reunited the two halves of the Roman Empire. He also moved Rome’s capital to Constantinople.
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Nicolaus Copernicus (kih-PUHR-ni-kuhs) (1473– 1543)
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Polish astronomer, his book On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres helped begin the Scientific Revolution.
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Hernán Cortés (er-NAHN kawr-TAYS) (1485–1547)
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Spanish conquistador, he went to Mexico in search of gold and conquered the Aztec Empire.
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Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658)
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Leader of Parliament, he overthrew King Charles I in 1642 and became ruler of England.
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Dante (DAHN-tay) (1265–1321)
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Italian Renaissance poet, he wrote The Divine Comedy in the Italian language.
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René Descartes (ruh-NAY day-CART) (1596–1650)
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French philosopher, he believed that nothing should be accepted as true if it had not been proven. His ideas helped develop the scientific method.
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Bartolomeu Dias (c. 1450–1500)
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Portuguese explorer, he sailed around the southern tip of Africa.
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Denis Diderot (duh-NEE dee-DROH) (1713–1784)
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French Enlightenment philosopher, he edited a multi-volume book called the Encyclopedia.
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Diocletian (dy-uh-KLEE-shuhn) (c. 245–c. 316)
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Roman emperor, he divided the Roman Empire into two halves.
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Francis Drake (c. 1540–1596)
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English sailor, he was sent to the Americas to steal gold and silver from Spanish ships.
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Du Fu (712–770)
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One of China’s greatest poets, he lived during the Tang dynasty.
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Albrecht Dürer (AWL-brekt DYUR-uhr) (1471–1528)
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German Renaissance artist, he is famous for his prints and woodcuts.
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Eleanor of Aquitaine (c. 1122–1204)
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Queen of France and England, she was one of the most powerful women in Europe in the Middle Ages.
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Desiderius Erasmus (des-i-DEER-ee-uhs i-RAZ-mus) (1466–1536)
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Dutch priest, he published In Praise of Folly in which he criticized corrupt clergy. His criticisms helped inspire the Protestant Reformation.
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Esma’ il (is-mah-EEL) (1487–1524)
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Ruler of Persia, he founded the Safavid Empire.
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Fatimah (c. 600–633)
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Muhammad’s daughter, she holds a place of honor in the Islamic religion.
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Ferdinand (1452–1516)
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King of Spain, he and his wife Isabella completed the Reconquista. They forced Jews in Spain to become Christian or leave and banned Islam.
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Francis of Assisi (c. 1182–1226)
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Italian saint, he encouraged people to be kind to others and founded the Franciscan Order.
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Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790)
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American colonial leader, he argued that the British government had no right to tax the colonists because they had no representation in Parliament.
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Galileo Galilei (gal-uh-LEE-oh gal-uh-LAY) (1564–1642)
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Italian scientist, he was the first scientist to routinely use experiments to test theories. He was placed on trial for supporting theories that contradicted Church teachings.
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Vasco da Gama (c. 1460–1524)
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Portuguese sailor, he sailed around Africa to reach India.
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Genghis Khan (JENG-guhs kahn) (c. 1162–1227)
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Ruler of the Mongols, he led his people in attacks against China and against other parts of Asia. His name means “universal leader.”
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Gregory VII (1020–1085)
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A powerful medieval pope, he fought with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over the power to choose church officials.
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Johann Gutenberg (YOH-hahn GOO-tuhn-berk) (c. 1400–1468)
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German printer, he developed a printing press that used movable type.
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Henry IV (1050–1106)
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Holy Roman Emperor, he fought against Pope Gregory VII over the power to choose church officials.
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Henry VIII (1491–1547)
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King of England, he split with the Catholic Church and declared himself head of the Church of England, or Anglican Church.
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Henry the Navigator (1394–1460)
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Prince of Portugal, he helped promote exploration by Portuguese sailors.
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Hans Holbein (HAWL-byn) (1497–1543)
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Swiss Renaissance painter, he is known largely for his portraits.
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Ibn Battutah (1304–c. 1368)
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Muslim traveler and writer, he visited Africa, India, China, and Spain.
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Ibn-Sina (980–1037)
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Muslim doctor, he wrote a book on medicine that was used throughout Europe until the 1600s. He is known in the West as Avicenna.
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Ignatius of Loyola (ig-NAY-shuhs) (1491–1556)
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Spanish noble and saint, he founded the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits.
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Isabella (1451–1504)
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Queen of Spain, she helped complete the Reconquista. She and her husband banned Islam and forced all Jews in Spain to become Christian or leave. She also paid for the voyages of Christopher Columbus.
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James II (1633–1701)
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King of England, he tried to re-introduce Roman Catholicism to England, a Protestant country. He was replaced as ruler by William and Mary.
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Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826)
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American colonial leader and author of the Declaration of Independence, he believed that Britain had no right to govern or impose taxes on the colonies.
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Jesus (c. AD 1–c. 30)
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Founder of Christianity, he is considered the Savior by Christians and a prophet by Muslims.
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Joan of Arc (c. 1412–1431)
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French peasant girl, she rallied the French troops during the Hundred Years’ War.
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Justinian (juh-STIN-ee-uhn) (c. 483–565)
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Emperor of the eastern Roman Empire, he organized all Roman laws into a legal system called Justinian’s Code. He also reconquered much of the Mediterranean and built Hagia Sophia.
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Johannes Kepler (1571–1630)
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German astronomer, he proved that the planets orbit the sun.
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Khadijah (ka-DEE-jah) (600s)
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Muhammad’s wife, she was a successful trader.
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Kublai Khan (KOO-bluh KAHN) (1215–1294)
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Mongol ruler, he completed the conquest of China and founded the Yuan dynasty.
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Bartolomé de Las Casas (1474–1566)
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Spanish priest, he protested the terrible treatment of American Indians. He attempted to convert the Indians to Christianity.
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Antonivan Leeuwenhoek (ANT-uh-nee LAY-venhook) (1632–1723)
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Dutch scientist, he was the first person to use a microscope as a scientific instrument.
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Leo Africanus (c. 1485–c. 1554)
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Muslim traveler, he wrote about his journeys in Africa.
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Leonardo da Vinci (lay-oh-NAHR-doh dah VEEN-chee) (1452–1519)
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Genius of the Renaissance, he was a painter, sculptor, inventor, engineer, town planner, and mapmaker.
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Li Bo (701–762)
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One of China’s greatest poets, he lived during the Tang dynasty.
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Li Qingzhao (ching-ZHOW) (1081–1141)
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China’s greatest female poet, she lived during the Song dynasty.
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John Locke (1632–1704)
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English philosopher, he thought that government was a contract between the ruler and the people.
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Louis XIV (1638–1715)
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French king, he believed that he ruled by divine right.
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Louis XVI (1754–1793)
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French king at the time of the French Revolution, he refused to sign a constitution limiting his power. He was tried and later executed.
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Martin Luther (1483–1546
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) German priest credited with starting the Reformation, he nailed a list of complaints about the Catholic Church to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany.
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Niccolo Machiavelli (mahk-yah-VEL-lee) (1469–1527)
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Italian writer and politician, he wrote The Prince in which he advised leaders on how to rule.
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James Madison (1751–1836)
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American colonial leader, he was the primary author of the Constitution.
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Ferdinand Magellan (muh-JEHL-uhn) (c. 1480–1521)
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Spanish explorer, his crew was the first to circumnavigate the globe.
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Maimonides (my-MAHN-uh-deez) (1135–1204)
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Jewish scholar, he tried to unite the work of Aristotle with Jewish ideas.
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Malintzin (mah-LINT-suhn), or Malinche (c. 1501– 1550)
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Native American guide and interpreter for the Spanish conquistadors, she helped Cortés in his conquest of the Aztecs.
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Mansa Musa (MAHN-sah moo-SAH) (died c. 1332)
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Mali’s greatest and most famous ruler, he was a devout Muslim. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca that helped spread Mali’s fame.
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Marie-Antoinette (1755–1793)
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French queen and wife of King Louis XVI, she lived extravagantly and was executed during the French Revolution.
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Cosimo de’ Medici (KOH-zee-moh day MED-i-chee) (1389–1464)
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Italian banker and leader of Florence, he wanted to make Florence the greatest city in the world. His actions helped bring about the Renaissance.
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Mehmed II (1432–1481)
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Ottoman sultan, he defeated the Byzantine Empire in 1453.
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Merici, Angela (may-REE-chee) (c. 1474–1540)
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Italian saint, she founded the Ursuline Order.
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Michelangelo (mee-kay-LAHN-jay-loh) (1475–1564)
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Italian Renaissance artist, he designed buildings, wrote poetry, and created sculptures and paintings.
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Moctezuma II (MAWK-tay-SOO-mah) (1466–1520)
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The last Aztec emperor, he was killed in the Spanish conquest led by Cortés.
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Charles-Louis Montesquieu (mohn-te-SKYOO) (1689–1755)
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French Enlightenment thinker, he believed that government should be divided into separate branches to protect people’s freedom.
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Muhammad (c. 570–632)
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Founder of Islam, he spread Islam’s teachings to the people of Arabia. His teachings make up the Qu’ran.
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Murasaki Shikibu (moohr-ah-sahk-ee shee-kee-boo) (c. 978–c. 1026)
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Japanese noble and writer, she wrote The Tale of Genji, the world’s first known novel.
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Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727)
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English scientist, he studied and simplified the work of earlier scientists. He identified four laws that explained how the physical world works.
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Oda Nobunaga (ohd-ah noh-booh-nah-gah) (1534– 1582)
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Japanese shogun, he fought to unify all of Japan.
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Omar Khayyám (oh-mahr-ky-AHM) (c. 1048–c. 1131)
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Sufi poet, mathematician, and astronomer, he wrote The Rubáiyát.
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Pacal (puh-KAHL) (603–683)
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Maya king, he had a temple built in the city of Palenque to record his achievements as a ruler.
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Pachacuti (pah-chah-KOO-tee) (died 1471)
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Inca ruler, he greatly expanded the Incas’ territory.
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Patrick (400s)
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Christian saint, he converted the people of Ireland to Christianity.
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Petrarch (PEH-trahrk) (1304–1374)
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Early Italian Renaissance scholar, he wrote about the importance of knowing history.
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Francisco Pizarro (1475–1541)
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Spanish conquistador, he conquered the Inca Empire.
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Polo, Marco (1254–1324)
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Italian trader, he traveled to China and later wrote about his trip. During his time in China he served as a government official in Kublai Khan’s court.
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Ptolemy (TAHL-uh-mee) (AD 100s)
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Ancient Greek astronomer and geographer, he studied the skies and made maps of the Mediterranean region.
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François Rabelais (FRAN-swah RAB-uh-lay) (1483– 1553)
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French Renaissance writer, he poked fun at the ideas of the Middle Ages.
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Richard I (1157–1199)
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King of England, he led Christian soldiers in the Third Crusade. He earned the respect of his enemies as well as Christian soldiers for his bravery and his fairness.
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Maxim lien Robespierre (roh-bes-pyer) (1758–1794)
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A leader of the French Revolution, his execution ended the Reign of Terror.
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau (roo-SOH) (1712–1778)
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French philosopher, he believed in popular sovereignty and the social contract between citizens and their governments.
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Saladin (1137–1193)
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Muslim general, he led the Muslim forces during the Third Crusade.
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Heinrich Schliemann (HYN-rik SHLEE-mahn) (1822– 1890)
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Famous archaeologist, he discovered the location of Troy.
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Shah Jahan (1592–1666)
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Ruler of the Mughal Empire, he built the Taj Mahal to honor his wife.
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William Shakespeare (1564–1616)
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English Renaissance writer and playwright, he is considered by many to be the greatest English writer of all time.
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Shotoku (shoh-toh-koo) (573–621)
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Japanese regent, he was one of Japan’s greatest leaders. He was influential in bringing Buddhism and Chinese ideas to Japan.
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Adam Smith (1723–1790)
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British economist, he argued that governments should not interfere in economic matters and that economic growth came when individuals were free to make their own choices.
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Suleyman I (soo-lay-MAHN) (c. 1494–1566)
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Ottoman ruler, he governed the empire at its height.
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Sundiata (soohn-JAHT-ah) (died 1255)
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Founder of the Empire of Mali, his reign is recorded in legends
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Sunni Ali (SOOH-nee ah-LEE) (died 1492)
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Emperor of Songhai, he conquered Mali and made Songhai into a powerful state.
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Taizong (TY-tzong) (600–649)
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Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty, he conquered much of Asia, reformed the military, and created codes of law.
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Theodora (c. 500–548)
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Empress of the eastern Roman Empire and Justinian’s wife, she helped her husband rule.
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Titian (TISH-uhn) (c. 1488–1576)
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Italian Renaissance painter, he painted many scenes from history.
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Tokugawa Ieyasu (toh-koohg-ah-wuh ee-eyahs-ooh) (1543–1616)
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Japanese shogun, he unified all of Japan and began the Tokugawa shogunate.
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Tunka Manin (TOOHN-kah MAH-nin) (ruled c. 1068)
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King of the Empire of Ghana, his kingdom was visited by Muslim writers.
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William Tyndale (TIN-duhl) (c. 1494–1536)
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English professor, he translated the Bible into English. He was later executed as a heretic.
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Urban II (c. 1035–1099)
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Medieval pope, he called on Christians to launch the First Crusade.
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Jan van Eyck (yahn vahn-YK) (1395–1441)
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Northern Renaissance artist, he was best known for his portraits.
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Voltaire (vohl-TAYR) (1694–1778)
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French philosopher, he mocked government and religion in his writings.
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William and Mary (1650–1702; 1662–1694)
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Rulers of England, they agreed to the English Bill of Rights, which limited their powers and recognized some rights for English citizens.
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William the Conqueror (c. 1028–1087)
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Powerful French noble who conquered England, he brought feudalism to Britain.
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Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797)
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British writer, she argued that women should have the same rights as men.
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Wu (625–705)
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Empress of China during the Tang dynasty, she ruled ruthlessly and brought prosperity to China.
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Xavier, Francis (ZAYV-yuhr) (1506–1552)
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Jesuit priest and missionary, he introduced Catholicism to parts of India and Japan.
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Yang Jian (yang jee-EN) (541–604)
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Chinese emperor, he reunified China after the Period of Disunion and established the Sui dynasty.
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Zheng He (juhng HUH) (c. 1371–c. 1433)
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Chinese admiral during the Ming Dynasty, he led great voyages that spread China’s fame throughout Asia.
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Zhu Yuanzhang (JOO yoo-ahn-JAHNG) (1368–1398)
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Emperor of China and founder of the Ming dynasty, he led an army that overthrew
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