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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Recurrent artery of Heubner supplies . . .
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Caudate and anterior limb of IC
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Lateral lenticulostriate vessels arise from . . .
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MCA
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Hyperdense and T2 hypointense lesions?
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Hemorrhage
Cellularity Protein Calcification |
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Hypoenhancing mets?
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Cortical mets
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Tolosa-Hunt
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Involvement of cavernous sinus and orbital apex
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Venous epidural hematoma
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Can cross the tentorium
Occur in posterior fossa more commonly |
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Most common necrotic met
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AdenoCa
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Clue to abscess identification
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Evagination toward ventricle
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Normal cerebellar tonsil position
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Less than 6 mm in peds
Less than 3 mm in adults |
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Chiari II spinal malformations
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Klippel-Feil
C2-C3 partial fusion Occipitalization of atlas Hypoplastic C1 ring |
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Causes of noncommunicating hydrocephalus
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Neoplasm
Infection Hemorrhage Congenital lesions |
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Causes of communicating hydrocephalus
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Meningitis
Ventriculitis SAH Carcinomatous meningitis |
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Bones affected in polyostotic fibrous dysplasia
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Skull
Facial bones Pelvis Spine |
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Balo's concentric sclerosis
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Alternating rings of demyelination and myelination
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Devic's disease
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Optic pathways and spinal cord demyelination
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Multiple meningiomas seen in?
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Familial
NF II XRT Basal cell nevus |
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Causes of SDH in peds
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Child abuse
Birth injury Coagulopathies |
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Time course of symptomatic vasospasm
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5-12 days
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Aneurysm causing 3rd nerve palsy
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PCOM
SCA |
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Locations of schwannomas
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Vestibular
Trigeminal Facial |
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Complications of orbital cellulitis
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Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Meningitis Brain abscess |
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Causes of acute bilateral thalamic lesions
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Artery of Percheron infarct
Deep venous thrombosis |
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Common locations of hypertensive infarcts
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Basal ganglia especially putamen
Thalamus Pons |
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Arachnoid cyst locations
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Middle cranial fossa
Frontal convexity Basal cisterns, CPA Retrocerebellar |
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Intraocular calcification in peds
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Retinoblastoma
PPHV Toxocariasis Coats' disease Retrolental fibroplasia |
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MR findings in subdural empyema
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T1 hypo,iso intense
T2 hyperintense DWI+ |
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Lacunar infarcts v perivascular spaces in the putamen
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Lacunes in the upper half
Perivascular spaces in the lower half |
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Anomalies associated with callosal dysgenesis
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Chiari II
Dandy Walker Holoprosencephaly Lipomas Migrational disorders |
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"Cotton wool"
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Calvarial involvement of Paget's
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Processes that replace normal bone marrow
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Hematologic malignancies
Myelofibrosis Mets Granulomatous dz - sarcoid |
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Red marrow in adult appendicular skeleton
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Proximal metaphyses of femur and humerus
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Most common locations for giant aneurysm
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MCA
Cavernous ICA Basilar tip |
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MR findings in giant aneurysm
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Flow void
Phase artifact Heterogenous signal from thrombi |
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Low on T2, high on FLAIR
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Flow
Look out for aneurysms! |
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Hemorrhagic venous infarct in temporal lobe
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Vein of Labbe infarct
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Factors raising suspicion for venous infarction
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Presence of hemorrhage especially in white or gray-white
Nonarterial distribution Young patient |
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Etiologies of angiogram-negative SAH
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Perimesencephalic venous hemorrhage
Vasculitis Venous thrombosis Spinal vascular malformations |
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Subependymal enhancement
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GBM
Lymphoma Mets - breat, lung Sarcoid TB |
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Most common cause of nontraumatic hemorrhage in adults
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HTN
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Causes of nontraumatic hemorrhage
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HTN
AVMs Stroke Coagulopathy Blood dyscrasia Cocaine Eclampsia Vasculitis CAA Infection - aspergillus |
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Areas spared by CAA
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BG
Brainstem DWM Cerebellum |
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Mesial temporal sclerosis
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Volume loss of hippocampus
Variable T2 high intensity Ex vacuo dilatation of temporal horn |
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Location of choroid plexus papillomas in adults
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Most commonly 4th ventricle
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Left atrial mass along choroid plexus
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Meningioma
Astrocytoma Ependymoma Met Hemangioma Cavernoma CPP unlikely in adults in lateral ventricle |
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Suprasellar germinoma appearance
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Hyperdense on CT because of cellularity and protein content
Isointense on T2 Avid enhacement May be DWI+ Image spine for seeding! |
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T1 hyperintensity in the basal ganglia
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Hyper, hypo parathyroidism and the pseudos
Liver failure - most pronounced in globus pallidus Hyperalimentation Portosystemic shunting Deposition of paramagnetic ions such as manganese, maybe copper NF1 Paramagnetic material is hypointense on T2 |
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Cause of herpes encephalitis
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HSV I hanging out in gasserian ganglion in Meckel's gave that spread along trigeminal nerve to the meninges
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Typical findings in herpes encephalitis
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Mesial temporal and inferior frontal lobe involvement
Hemorrhage DWI+ Cortical enhancement |
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Most common site of orbital metastases
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Globe
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Most common site of primary orbital lymphoma
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Eyelid
EOM |
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Met breast cancer to the orbit characterized by?
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Enopthalmos, think of scirrhous CA
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Most common met to globe
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Breast
Prostate |
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Most common extraocular orbital mets
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Bone mets particularly prostate
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Causes of basal meningitis
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TB
Sarcoid Leptomeningeal seeding Lymphoma Chemical meningitis Ruptured dermoid |
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Tumors with predilection for SA seeding
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PNETs
Germinomas Gliomas CPP |
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Sources of dural mets in adults
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Breast
Lung Prostate Melanoma Lymphoma |
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Sources of dural mets in peds
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Neuroblastoma
Leukemia |
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Processes that mimic dural mets
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TB
Fungal Sarcoid EG Erdheim-Chester |
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Causes of aqueductal stenosis
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Congenital
Webs Debris Compression Cerebellar stroke |
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Rathke's cleft cysts are localized where?
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Pars intermedia
Adenomas are usually lateral |
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Rathke's cleft cyst DDx
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Hemorrhage
Craniopharyngioima Choristoma |
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Causes of optic neuritis
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MS
Sarcoid SLE Infection - Lyme, toxo Ischemia XRT |
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Appearance of wood
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Hypodense on CT
Hypointense on MR |
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Fibrous dysplasia of the skull
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T1 and T2 hypointense
Enhancing No destruction of inner or outer tables DDx includes Paget's |
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Tolosa-Hunt
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Essentially pseudotumor of the cavernous sinus and orbital apex
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T2 hypointense masses
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Lymphoma
Meningioma Plasmacytoma Schwannoma |
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Complications of shunting
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Ventriculitis
Slit ventricles SDH Malfunction |
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Complications of meningitis
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SD empyema
Encephalitis Brain abscess Ventriculitis |
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Infundibular lesion DDx
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Sarcoid
TB EG Met Germinoma Lymphoma Hypothalamic glioma |
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Infundibular mass in children DDx
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EG
Germinoma TB Meningitis Lymphoma Glioma |
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Lhermitte-Duclos - dysplastic gangliocytoma
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Lateral cerebellar poor enhancing lesion with corduroy thickening of folia
Cowden disease |
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Symptoms of pituitary apoplexy
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Acute HA, NV, visual disturbance, cranial neuropathy
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Cavum vergae
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Posterior to the forniceal columns and foramen of Monro
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Thallium-201 scintigraphy
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Positive in lymphoma
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Toxo locations
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BG
Corticomedullary junction |
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Nasal glioma
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Ectopic glial tissue with no communication with intracranial CSF spaces
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Most common location of intraventricular neurocysticercosis
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4th ventricle
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Divides IAC into inferior and superior portions
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Crista falciformis
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Causes of IAC enhancement
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Viral - CMV in AIDS
Lyme disease Sarcoid |
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PICA aneurysm rupture
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SAH prepontine and premedullary cisterns
Consider intradural right vertebral artery dissection |
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Osteolytic Paget's
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Osteoporosis circumscripta
Osteolysis most common in frontal and occipital regions |
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Paget's v fibrous dysplasia
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Paget's has less involvement of facial bones
Paget's has cortical thickening Paget's - older patients |
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Paget's DDx
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Hyperostosis frontalis
Fibrous dysplasia Mets |
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FMD in the head
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Most commonly cervical ICA sparing proximal 2 cm
Involvement of media predominantly |
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Toxic insult to globus pallidi
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CO
Cyanide |
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Wallenberg's syndrome
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PICA infarct
Left lateral and posterior medulla Loss of contralateral pain and temp in body and ipsi on face and cerebellar crap |
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Causes of Wallerian degeneration
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Infarction
Trauma Demyelinating disease Neurodegerative disease |
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Wallerian degeneration
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T2 hyperintense
T1 hypointense DWI+ |
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Vascular causes of EOM enlargement
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CC fistula
SOV thrombosis Cavernous sinus thrombosis AVM |
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Risk factors for mucoceles
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Sinusitis
Trauma Allergies Instrumentation |
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Appearance of mucoceles
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Hyperdense on CT
T1 hyperintense Variable on T2 |
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Most common location of supratentorial ependymomas
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Trigone
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Factors affecting gradient echo imaging
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Flip angle
Time to echo |
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Vein of Galen aneurysm
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Falcine sinus develops because median prosencephalic vein provides diencephalic venous drainage
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Most common craniosynostosis
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Sagittal
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Metopic synostosis
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Trigonocephaly
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Syndromes associated with synostoses
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Apert's
Crouzon's Treacher Collins Hypophosphatasia |
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Harlequin eye
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Elevation of lesser wing from coronal synostosis
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Tectal glioma
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Usually low-grade so not enhancing
Causes obstructive hydrocephalus |
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XR appearance of osseous epidermoid cysts
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Lytic with sclerotic borders
DDx hemangioma, EG, leptomeningeal cyst |
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Causes of multisegment arterial narrowing
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Vasculitis - Granulomatous, CTD, PAN
Atherosclerosis Hypercoagulability Vasospasm |
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Tram track enhancement of optic nerve sheath DDx
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Meningioma
Sarcoid Lymphoma Mets Pseudotumor |
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Pnemosinus dilatans
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Air expansion of paranasal sinus associated with optic nerve meningioma
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Lipomas arise from?
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Meninx primitiva
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Findings in intracranial hypotension
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Sagging posterior fossa contents
Bilateral subdural effusions Diffuse dural enhancement |
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Radiation-induced neoplasms
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Meningiomas
Sarcomas Schwannomas Gliomas |
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Fahr disease
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Bilaterally symmetric calcification in basal ganglia, thalami, dentate nuclei
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