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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does tonicity change in salivary/pancreatic secretion? |
Salivary: isotonic - hypotonic Pancreatic: hypertonic - isotonic |
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What is receptive relaxation? |
Dilation of the gastric fundus as food passes down the oesophagus |
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Stimuli and secretions of gastric mucous cells |
Surface: stimulated by alcohol - produces protective gel Neck: stimulated by vagus - produces lubricant |
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Effects of gastrin, ACh, histamine, somatostatin and PGs on acid secretion |
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Feedback control of gastric secretion |
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Transporters and enzymes of pancreatic duct cells |
Apical: Cl- / HCO3- exchanger Intracellular: C.A. Basolateral: Na+ / H+ exchanger |
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Regulation of pancreatic secretion at the acinus |
Acinar cells stimulated by... - ACh (+VIP) - CCK Duct cells stimulated by... - Secretin (via Gas) |
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Choleretic v cholagogue |
Choleretic increases bile secretion (e.g. secretin) Cholagogue increases bile flow (e.g. CCK) |
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Why does cimetidine reduce drug metabolism? |
Cimetidine is a CYP450 inhibitor |
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Incidences of gastric / duodenal ulcers due to H. pylori and NSAIDs |
Gastric Ulcers 1) H. pylori 60% 2) NSAIDs 30%
Duodenal Ulcers 1) H. pylori 85% 2) NSAIDs 10-14%
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Specificity of H. pylori investigation techniques |
Urea breath test 95% Stool antigen 92% Serology 80% |
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Difference between classical and operant conditioning |
Classical = Pavlov's dogs (involuntary response) Operant = reinforcement and punishment (voluntary response) |
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Structures of the mesolimbic pathway |
VTA, Na, amygdala, hippocampus, PFC |
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Difference between grade and stage |
Grade = pattern and degree of inflammation / cell death Stage = degree of fibrosis |
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Risk of HBV and HCV via sexual and vertical transmission |
HBV Sex 30% Vertical 5-90% HCV Sex rare Vertical <10% |
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Incubation times for viral hepatitis |
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Results for acute infection, chronic infection and resolved / false +ve / low level "chronic" infection / resolving chronic infection |
Acute: all +ve but anti-HBs Chronic: all +ve but anti-HBs and IgM Resolving: only anti-HBc is positive |
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What drugs can cause type A and B reactions? |
Type A - paracetamol - methotrexate Type B - antibiotics - NSAIDs - anti-retrovirals |
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Predisposing factors of hepatocellular carcinoma |
- HBV, HCV and cirrhosis - fungal toxins from contaminated food |
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UK drinking guidelines |
14 units over 3+ days with at least 2 alcohol free days |
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Roles of P1 and P2 enzymes |
P1 - expose chemically reactive group - activates pro-drugs - produces cytotoxic intermediates P2 - add sugar/sulfate to make water-soluble |
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Gilbert and Crigler-Najjar syndrome |
Gilbert: mutated UGT1A1 Crigler-Najjar: deleted UGT1A1 |
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P1 enzyme that deactivates ethinylestradiol |
CYP3A4 |
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What type of hyperbilirubinaemia does Dubin-Johnson disease cause? |
Hepatic conjugated |
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Achalasia |
- problem with oesophageal n. plexus - LOS can't relax - stronger peristalsis |
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Pain caused by stone in common bile duct and sphincter of Oddi |
Common bile duct: colicky pain Sphincter of Oddi: constant pain |
