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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Can ruminants pass antibodies transplacentally?
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No, which is why colostrum is needed.
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How long is colostrum secreted from the mammary gland?
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For 1-2 days after parturition
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What is the milk called after colostrum finishes coming out?
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Transitional milk
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How is colostrum different from milk?
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Colostrum is higher in solids, fats, proteins, vitamins, antibodies (Ig) and is lower in lactose
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What declines rapidly in the milk after the first day?
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Amount of solids and proteins (esp. antibodies)
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When does the milk reach normal composition?
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After 4 days
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Which immunoglobins is colostrum rich in?
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Rich in IgA, IgG but also contains some IgM and IgE
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What is the predominant immunoglobin in most major domest animals?
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IgG (accounts for 65-90% of total antibody content)
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Which cytokines is colostrum rich in?
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IL-1B, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IFN-y
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What does cytokines promote in young animals?
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Development of the immune system
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How long are neonates able to absorb large molecule antibodies?
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up to 24 hrs. after birth
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How are antibodies in colostrum able to reach SI without being degraded?
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Normal digestive enzymes in abomasum and SI don't function at full capacity yet. Also, colostrum contains trypsin inhibitors, which lowers level of protease activity in GI tract.
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What do colostral immunoglobins do in newborns?
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Bind to Fc receptors (FcRn) on intestinal epithelial cells. Once bound, Ig's are endocytosed by intestinal epithelial cells and passed into lacteals and intestinal capillaries. Absorbed Ig's reach systemic circulation, which gives newborns a massive transfusion of maternal Ig.
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What type of molecule is FcRn?
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an MHC class identification molecule with a large alpha chain and B2-microglobulin
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What is the avg. concentration of IgG in colostrum in Hostein cows vs. Jersey cows?
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Holstein - 48.2 g/L
Jersey - 66 g/L |
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What is the quantity of IgG depend on?
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Disease history of cow. Cow exposed to more pathogens will produce colostrum with more Ig. Premature milking or leaking of milk prior to calving can reduce concentration of Ig in colostrum
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How does volume of colostrum influence the concentration of Ig?
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Colostrum produced in large volume will have lower Ig concentrations. Small volumes will have higher Ig concentrations.
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How can IgG in colostrum be measured?
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Lab tests (expensive)
Colostrometer (gives gross estimate) |
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How and how long can colostrum be stored?
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Refrigerated for a week or frozen for up to a year
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What's affected by storing colostrum?
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Leukocytes are killed by storage. Only found in fresh colostrum.
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What is the passageway of colostrum in neonates?
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Into rumen, passing the abomasum via esophageal groove
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What is the passageway of colostrum in neonates?
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Into rumen, passing the abomasum via esophageal groove
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What determines if the calf received enough passive immunity?
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Size of calf, concentration of Ig in colostrum, efficiency of Ig absorption, age of calf, volume of colostrum
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How much colostrum should be fed?
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If good quality, 2 quarts asap and 2 quarts 12 hrs. later. (more if calf is born in dirty environment)
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What is fed after 2nd colostrum feeding?
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Lower quality colostrum
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What are the 3 reasons for failure of passive transfer through colostrum?
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Mother may produce insufficient or poor quality colostrum. Inadequate intake by newborn. Failure of absorption from intestine.
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How can you diagnose failure of passive transfer in calves?
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Zinc sulfate turbidity test: zinc makes Ig insoluble --> clear mixture means failure to transfer.
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At what serum IgG level will mortality rate increase?
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Serum IgG less than 1000 mg/dL at 24-48 hrs. of age have mortality rates more than twice that of calves with higher IgG levels
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What is the normal TPR of a calf?
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Temp. 101.5-103.5F
Pulse 100-120 bpm Resp. rate 15-30 bpm |
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What is the normal TPR of a cow?
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Temp. 100-102.5F
Pulse 40-80 bpm Resp. rate 8-16 bpm |
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At what % of dehydration is it not detectable?
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less than 5%
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What signs are seen at 5-6% dehydration?
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Subtle loss of skin turgor (elasticity)
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What signs are seen at 6-8% dehydration?
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Definite loss in skin turgor, slight increases in CRT, possibly dry mucous membranes, and eyes possibly sunken into orbits
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What signs are seen at 10-12% dehydration?
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Skin turgor remains decreased (tented skin), definite increased CRT, eyes sunken into orbits, dry mucous membranes, possible signs of shock
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What signs are seen at 12-15% dehydration?
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Shock (tachycardia, cold extremities, hypotension, hypovolemia), very depressed patient, death imminent
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What lab results would be seen with dehydration?
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Increased PCV, increased TP, concentrated urine, high specific gravity
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What is the most common cause of meningitits in dairy cattle?
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Gram-negative septicemia
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How can a calf get septicemia?
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Getting inadequate amounts of high quality colostrum results in insufficient levels of passively acquired Ig's to fend off opportunistic pathogens
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Where does septicemia originate?
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In umbilical infections or more commonly by oral inoculation of pathogens
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Is meningitis common in farms?
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Sporadic disease on well-managed farms but endemic problems may develop when calf husbandry is poor
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What clinical signs of meningitis in neonatal calves?
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Signs may be overt with classical fever, somnolence, intermittent seizures, head pressing, and blindness.
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How old are most calves with meningitis?
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2-14 days of age
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How is meningitis confirmed?
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Clinical signs coupled with a CSF analysis confirm the diagnosis
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What would be seen in the CSF with meningitis?
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Increased values of protein & WBC's
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How is meningitis treated?
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Broad-spectrum antibiotics
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WHat r the 3 most important disease problems in young calf?
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Septicemia, diarrhea, and pneumonia
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WHat is septicemia usually the result of?
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A bacterial infection that occurs while the calf is in the uterus, during, at or immediately after birth
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Why is septicemia such a severe medical prob.?
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B/c the blood-borne infection disseminates and damages many diff. organs
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Which bacteria can cause septicemia?
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Gram neg., such as E. coli and Salmonella
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What are some early signs of septicemia?
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Depressed, weak, reluctant to stand, and suckle poorly within 5 days of birth
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What are some later signs of septicemia?
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Swollen joints, diarrhea, pneumonia, meningitis, cloudy eyes, and/or a large tender navel
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If septicemia is not controlled in the early stages, what can become depleted?
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Phagocytic cells, antibodies, complement components, coagulation proteins, and platelets
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What are the 2 outcomes of septicemia?
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Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and septic shock
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What are some major elements of septic shock?
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Reduced blood pressure, increased HR, abnormal body temp., organ failure, death
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What is diarrhea?
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Increae in frequency of defecation or fecal volume due to increased water content (b/c of mismatch b/w absorption & secretion)
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How can you calculate the amount of water passed in feces?
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Water ingested + Water secreted by GI - Water absorbed
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What are 3 ways water gets to gut?
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Ingestion of water, water secreted by glands of the GI, water secreted or lost directly thru mucosal epithelium
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What are 2 types of diarrhea?
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Malabsorptive diarrhea and secretory diarrhea
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What causes malabsorptive diarrhea?
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Inadequate absorption of water due to loss of GI epithelium, which results in decreased villi length.
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What are some causes of malabsorptive diarrhea?
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Viral, bacterial, protozoal infections
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How does secretory diarrhea occur?
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Rate of intestinal secretion increases and overwhelms absorptive capacity. Due to inappropriate secretion from intestinal crypts.
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What are some causes of secretory diarrhea?
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Enterotoxins produced by pathogenic bacteria.
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How do enterotoxins cause secretory diarrhea?
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Toxins bind enterocytes, stimulate adenyl cyclase activity and production of cAMP w/in cells. Leads to Cl gates open and water secreted from crypt epithelium.
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What are 2 other types of diarrhea besides secretory & malabsorptive?
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Altered motility and altered permeability
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How does altered motility contribute to diarrhea?
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Decrease contractile strength = decrease resistance to fecal movement.
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How much water does normal feces have? And diarrhea?
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75% in normal feces and 85% in diarrhea
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What are the 3 categories of pathogens of diarrhea?
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Inductors of intestinal secretion, inductors of inflammation, and invasive
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Acute diarrhea is considered to be how many days in duration?
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Less than 7
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Chronic diarrhea is considered to be how many days in duration?
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Greater than 2 weeks
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What is ALP? And when will it be high?
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Alkaline Phosphatase. High in growing animals.
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What is ALT? And what does it indicate?
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Alanine aminotransferase. It's liver-specific in small animals. Leakage and muscle too.
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What is AST? And what does it indicate?
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Aspartate aminotransferase. Muscle/liver. Not specific. Increases with myopathy and liver damage.
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What is the difference between epidemic, endemic, and pandemic?
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Epidemic is when disease occurrence in an animal population increases. Pandemic is a widespread epidemic. Endemic is disease present in a predictable, continuous pattern in an animal community at all time.
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What is normal blood pH?
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7.4
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What acid/base imbalance would kidney failure cause?
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Acidosis (increased H+)
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What acid/base imbalance would diarrhea cause?
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Alkalosis (decreased H+)
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Whats a strong acid and a weak acid?
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Strong: HCl
Weak: Cl- |
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Whats a strong base and a weak base?
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Strong: Bicarb.
Weak: NH3 |
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What causes respiratory acidosis?
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Alveolar hypoventilation --> CO2 not eliminated by lugs --> Blood PCO2 increase
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What causes respiratory alkalosis?
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Alveolar hyperventilation --> CO2 being excreted faster than tissues producing it causes decreased PCO2
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What is the most common acid-base imbalance?
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Metabolic acidosis
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What causes metabolic acidosis?
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Increased production of fixed H+ or decreased excretion of H+ by kidneys
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What causes lactic acidosis?
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Increased fixed H+ from protein catabolism or ketone production during starvation or anaerobic metabolism
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Why does diarrhea cause metabolic acidosis?
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B/c amounts of bicarb. (buffer) lose in feces
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What causes ruminal acidosis?
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Increased carbohydrate feeding --> increased H+ production in rumen
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What stimulates alveolar hyperventilation?
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Decrease in pH
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What is the most common cause of metabolic alkalosis?
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Vomiting --> lose H+ with HCl
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What can decrease in potassium cause?
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Metabolic alkalosis
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What organ compensates for metabolic problems?
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Lungs
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What organ compensates for respiratory problems?
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Kidneys
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What characterizes resp. acidosis?
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Decreased pH, increased H+, increased PCO2, decreased bicarb.
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What characterizes resp. alkalosis?
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Increased pH, decreased H+, decreased PCO2, increased bicarb.
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What characterizes metabolic acidosis?
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Decreased pH, increased H+, decreased PCO2, decreased bicarb.
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What characterizes metabolic alkalosis?
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Increased pH, decreased H+, increased PCO2, decreased bicarb.
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What do parietal cells secrete?
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HCl
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What do chief cells secrete?
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Pepsinogen
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In the dog, the gallbladder sits between which 2 hepatic lobes?
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quadrate and right medial
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What are the 3 main GI branches off the aorta?
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Celiac, cranial mesenteric, caudal mesenteric
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What is the blood supply to the greater curvature of the stomach?
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Right and left gastroepiploic arteries
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The common bile duct enters the duodenum at the _________ with/without the ___________
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Major duodenal papilla with the smaller pancreatic duct that is sometimes absent
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What are the 3 main branches off of the celiac artery?
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Hepatic, splenic, and left gastric
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Gastroduodenal artery branches from which artery?
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Hepatic artery
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Occluding the celiac artery would halt blood supply to all parts of the pancreas except for the __________ and why?
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Caudal right lobe b/c it is supplied by the caudal pancreaticoduodenal branch of the cranial mesenteric
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The embryonic origin of vessels of the portal system arise from?
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Vitelline arteries
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What is the origin of renal arteries?
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Cardinal
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What is the embryologic origin of the anterior pituitary gland?
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Rathke's pouch
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Melena is associated with which type of diarrhea?
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Small bowel
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Tenesmus is associated with which type of diarrhea?
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Large bowel
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What is hypoplasia?
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Underdeveloped organ/tissue
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If you were a cat, would you rather have small cell or large cell lymphoma?
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Small cell, lack of metastasis outside of the GI tract
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Pathologic dilation of lymph vessels is called?
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Lymphangiestasia
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In metabolic acidosis, what organ has a delayed but compensatory response in regenerating bicarb.?
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Kidneys
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What 3 conditions are commonly present in triaditis in felines?
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Pancreatitis, IBD, Cholangiohepatitis
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In, general, what neurotransmitter increases in acute hyperammonia? Chronic?
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Glutamate, GABA
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Metabolic alkalosis can occur with obstruction in which location of the GI tract?
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A proximal obstruction (proximal duodenum/pyloric) will cause loss of only acidic secretions.
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