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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Diabetes Diagnosis |
Fasting glucose > 7 Random glucose > 11.1 2hrs after GTT > 11.1 HbA1c > 6.5% |
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Pre-diabetes Diagnosis |
Normal fasting glucose (<7) + moderate GTT (7.8-11) or moderate fasting glucose (6-7) |
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Anti-Islet Cell antibodies |
Anti-GAD65 Anti-insulin Anti-IA2 Anti-ZnT8 |
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Genes associated with T1DM |
HLA Class II (DQB0201, 0302) HLA DQA1 HLA DQB1 HLA DRB1 HLA DR3/4 Idd3 II Insulin gene |
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DKA treatment |
0.1 U/kg/hr insulin 0.9% saline + bicarbonate |
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Hypoglycemia treatment |
15-20g short-acting carbohydrates If first 3 attempts fail (15min intervals)... IV glucose (75-100ml if 20%) IM glucagon (1mg) Once BG corrected, long-acting carbohydrates |
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Where does TAG synthesis take place? |
Liver and adipose |
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Effect of insulin on protein and lipid metabolism |
Upregulates: - Protein and FA synthesis Downregulates: - AA uptake - Protein breakdown - FA breakdown, B oxidation and ketone production |
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Regulation of pyruvate kinase |
Phosphoenolpyruvate > pyruvate
- ATP - alanine
+ fru 1,6 BP |
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Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase |
Pyruvate > acetyl CoA - ATP, NADH, acetyl CoA + Ca2+, pyruvate |
Ana cap |
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Regulation of acetyl CoA carboxylase |
FA synthesis - glucagon, palmitoyl CoA + insulin, citrate |
GP IC |
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Glucose transporters |
GLUT1: BBB, RBCs, foetal tissue GLUT2: liver, pancreas, kidney, SI (basolateral) GLUT3: neurones, foetal tissue GLUT4: adipose, cardiac/skeletal muscle GLUT5: SI (fructose) |
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Normal acid production in a healthy man per day |
50mmol non volatile 12mol CO2 |
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Ammoniagenesis |
Glutamine > glutamate + NH3 (via glutaminase) |
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a intercalated cells of CDs |
secrete H+ reabsorb K+ and HCO3- Stimulated by aldosterone |
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Affected channels in type 1 RTA |
Hyperkalemic RTA = Na+ channels on P cells Classic RTA = H+ ATPase on a intercalated cells |
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Role of ACTH |
Stimulates release of adrenal hormones (inc. androgens) Also targets melanocytes (causing pigmentation) and adipocytes |
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SEs and CIs of insulin, hydrocortisone, levothyroxine and carbimazole |
Insulin SE: hypoglycemia CI: B blockers Hydrocortisone SE: weight gain, hyperglycemia, fluid retention, Cushing's CI: immunocompromised, diabetes, fungal infection Levothyroxine SE: tremor, arrhythmia, excitability, diarrhoea, flushingCI: IHD, hyperthyroidism Carbimazole SE: fever, headache, rash, taste disturbance, joint painCI: warfarin |
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