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36 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
electromyogram(EOG)
an electrical potential recorded from an electrode placed on or in a muscle
electro-oculogram(EMG)
an electrical potential from the eyes, recorded by means of electrodes placed on the skin around them; detects eye movements
alpha activity
smooth electrical activity of 8-12 hz recorded from the brain; generally associated w/ a state of relaxation
beta activity
irregular electrical activity of 13-30hz recorded from the brain; generally associated w/ a state of arousal
theta activity
eeg activity of 3.5-7.5 hz that occurs intermittently during early stages of slow-wave sleep and REM sleep
delta activity
regular, synchronous electrical activity of less than 4Hz recorded from the brain; occurs during the deepest stages of slow-wave sleep
slow-wave sleep
non-REM sleep, characterized by synchronized EEG activity during its deeper stages
down state
a period inhibition during a slow oscillation during slow-wave sleep; neurons in the neocortex are silent and resting
up state
a period of excitation during a slow oscillation during slow-wave sleep; neurons in the neocortex briefly fire at a high rate
REM sleep
a period of desynchronized EEG activity during sleep, at which time dreaming, rapid eye movements, and muscular paralysis occur; also called paradoxical sleep
sleep apnea
cessation of breathing while sleeping
narcolepsy
a sleep disorder characterized by periods of irresistible sleep, attacks of cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations
sleep attack
a symptom of narcolepsy; an irresistible urge to sleep during the day, after which the person awakens feeling refreshed
cataplexy
a symptom of narcolepsy; complete paralysis that occurs during waking
sleep paralysis
a symptom of narcolepsy; paralysis occurring just before a person falls asleep
hypnagogic hallucination
a symptom of narcolepsy; vivid dreams that occur just before a person falls asleep; accompanied by sleep paralysis
orexin
a peptide, also known as hypocretin, produced by neurons whose cell bodies in the hypothalamus; their destruction causes narcolepsy
REM sleep behavior disorder
a neurological disorder in which the person does not become paralyzed during REM sleep and thus acts out dreams
sleep-related eating disorder
a disorder in which the person leaves his or her bed and seeks out food while sleepwalking, usually without an episode the next day
fatal familial insomnia
a fatal inherited disorder characterized by progressive insomnia
rebound phenomenon
the increased frequency or intensity of a phenomenon after it has been temporarily suppressed; for example, the increase in REM sleep seen after a period of REM sleep deprivation
adenosine
a neuromodulator that is released by neurons engaging in high levels of metabolic activity, may play a primary role in the initiation of sleep
locus coeruleus(LC)
a dark-colored group of noradrenergic cell bodies located in the pons near the rostral end of the floor of the fourth ventricle; involved in arousal and vigilance
raphe nuclei
a group of nuclei located in the reticular formation of the medulla, pons, and midbrain, situated along the midline; contain serotonergic neurons
tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN)
a nucleus in the ventral posterior hypothalamus, just rostral to the mammillary bodies; contains histaminergic neurons involved in cortical activation and behavioral arousal
ventrolateral peroptic area (vlPOA)
a group of GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area whose activity suppresses alertness and behavioral arousal and promotes sleep
sublateralodorsal nucleus (SLD)
a region of the dorsal pons, just ventral to the locus coeruleus, that contains REM-ON neurons; part of the REM flip-flop
ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter (vlPAG)
a region of the dorsal midbrain that contains the REM-OFF neurons;part of the REM flip flop
circadian rhythm
a daily rhythmical change in behavior or physiological process
zeitgeiber
a stimulus (usually the light of dawn) that resets the biological clock that is responsible for circadian rhythms
superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
a nucleus situated atop the optic chiasm. It contains a biological clock that is responsible for organizing many of the body's circadian rhythms
melanopsin
a photopigment present in the ganglion cells in the retina whose axons transmit information to the SCN, the thalamus, and the olivary pretectal nuclei
advanced sleep phase syndrome
a 4 hour advance in the rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles, apparently caused by a mutation of a gene involved in the rhymicity of neurons of the SCN
delayed sleep phase syndrome
a 4-hour delay in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles, possibly caused by a mutation of a gene involved in the rhymicity of neurons in the SCN
pineal gland
a gland attached to the dorsal tectum; produces melatonin and plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms
melatonin
a hormone secreted during the night by the pineal body; plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms