Carlson Chapter 8

Front 1

extrafusal muscle fibre

Back 1

workhorses

Front 2

alpha motor neuron

Back 2

run extrafusal muscle fibres

Front 3

interfusal muscle fibre

Back 3

run in parallel, act as stretch receptors

Front 4

gamma motor neuron

Back 4

run interfusal muscle fibers

Front 5

endplate potential

Back 5

run by ach, always causes muscle to fire, much larger than typical postsynaptic potential

Front 6

lateral group

Back 6

independent limb movements, hands and fingers, corticospinal, corticobulbar, and rubrospinal tracts

Front 7

ventromedial group

Back 7

vestibulospinal tract, tectospinal tract, reticulospinal tract, ventral corticosipinal tract, gross movements of muscles of trunk and postural sheez

Front 8

motor endplate

Back 8

the postsynaptic membrane of a neuromuscular junction

Front 9

endplate potential

Back 9

the postsynaptic potential that occurs in the motor endplate in response to release of aCh by the terminal button

Front 10

golgi tendon organ

Back 10

the receptor organ at the junction of the tendon and muscle that is sensitive to stretch

Front 11

monosynaptic stretch reflex

Back 11

a reflex in which a muscle contracts in response to its being quickly stretched; involves a sensory neuron and a motor neuron, with one synapse between them

Front 12

decerebrate rigidity

Back 12

simultaneous contraction of agonistic nd antagonistic muscles, caused by decerebration or damage to the reticular formation

Front 13

clasp-knife reflex

Back 13

a reflex that occurs when force is applied to flex or extend the limb of an animal showing decerebrate rigidity; resistance is replaced by sudden relaxation

Front 14

supplementary motor area(SMS)

Back 14

a region of motor association cortex of the dorsal and dorsomedial frontal lobe, rostral to the primary motor cortex

Front 15

premotor cortex

Back 15

a region of motor association cortex of the lateral frontal lobe, rostral to the primary motor cortex

Front 16

lateral group

Back 16

the corticospinal tract, the corticobulbar tract, and the rubrospinal tract

Front 17

corticospinal tract

Back 17

system of axons that originates in the motor cortex and terminates in the ventral gray matter of spinal cord

Front 18

pyramidal tract

Back 18

the portion of the corticospinal tract on the ventral border of the medulla

Front 19

lateral corticospinal tract

Back 19

the system of axons that originates in the motor cortex and terminates in the contralaeral ventral gray matter of the spinal cord; controls movements of the distal limbs

Front 20

ventral corticospinal tract

Back 20

the system of aons that originates in the motor cortex and terminates in the ipsalateral vetral gray matter of the spinal cord; controls movements of the upper legs and trunk

Front 21

corticobulbar tract

Back 21

a bundle of axons from the motor cortex to the 5th, 7th,9-12th cranial nerves; controls movements of the face, neck, tongue, and parts of the extraocular eye muscles

Front 22

rubrospinal tract

Back 22

the system of axons that travels from the red nucleus to the spnal cord; controls independent limb movements

Front 23

corticorubral tract

Back 23

the system of axons that travels from the motor cortex to the red nucleus

Front 24

vestibulospinal tract

Back 24

a bundle of axons that travels from the vestibular nuclei to the gray matter of the spinal cord; controls postural movements in response to information from the vestibular system

Front 25

tectospinal tract

Back 25

a bundle of axons that travels from the tectum to the spinal cord; coordinates head and trunk movements with eye movements

Front 26

reticulospinal tract

Back 26

a bundle of axons that travels from the reticular formation to the gray matter of the spinal cord; controls the muscles responsible for postural movements

Front 27

mirror neurons

Back 27

neurons located in the ventral premotor cortex and inferior parietal lobule that respond when the individual makes a particular movement or sees another individual making that movement

Front 28

parietal reach region

Back 28

a region in the medial posterior parietal cortex that plays a critical role in control of pointing or reaching with the hands

Front 29

apraxia

Back 29

difficulty in carrying out purposeful movements in the absence of paralysis or muscular weaknes

Front 30

constructional apraxia

Back 30

difficulty in drawing pictures or diagrams or in making geometrical constructions of elements such as building blocks or sticks; caused by damage to the right parietal lobe

Front 31

caudate nucleus

Back 31

a telencephalic nucleus, one of the input nuclei of basal ganglia; involved with control of voluntary movement

Front 32

putamen

Back 32

a telencephalic nucleus, one o the input nuclei of basal ganglia; involved w/ control of voluntary movement

Front 33

putamen

Back 33

a telencephalic nucleus; one of the input nuclei of the basal ganglia; involved with control of voluntary movement

Front 34

globus pallidus

Back 34

a telencephalic nucleus; the primary output nucleus of the basal ganglia; involved with control of voluntary movement

Front 35

ventral anterior nucleus (thalamus)

Back 35

a thalamic nucleus that recieves projections from the basal ganglia and sends projections to the motor cortex

Front 36

ventrolateral nucleus (thalamus)

Back 36

a thalamic nucleus nucleus that receives projections from the basal ganglia and sends projections to the motor cortex

Front 37

direct pathway(basal ganglia)

Back 37

the pathway that includes the caudate nucleus and putamen, the internal division of the globus pallidus, and the ventral anterior/ventrolateral thalamic nuclei; has an excitatory effect on movement

Front 38

indirect pathway(basal ganglia)

Back 38

the pathway hat includes the caudate nucleus and putamen, the external division of the globus pallidus, the subthalamic nucleus, the internal division of the global pallidus, and the ventral anterior/ventrolateral thalamic nuclei; has an inhibitory effect on movement

Front 39

Huntington's disease

Back 39

a fatal inherited disorder tht causes degeneration of the caudate nucleus and putamen; characterized by uncontrollable jerking movements, writhing movements and dementia

Front 40

floculonodular lobe

Back 40

a region of the cerebellum; involved in control of postural reflexes

Front 41

vermis

Back 41

the portion of the cerebellum located at the midline; receives somatosensory information and helps to control the vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts through its connections with the fastigal nucleus

Front 42

fastigial nucleus

Back 42

a deep cerebellar nucleus; involved in the control of movement b the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts

Front 43

interposed nuclei

Back 43

a set of deep cerebellar nuclei; involved in the control of the rubrospinal system

Front 44

pontine nucleus

Back 44

a large nucleus in the pons that serves as an important source of input to the cerebellum

Front 45

dentate nucleus

Back 45

a deep cerebellar nucleus; invovled in the contol of rapid, skilled movements by the corticospinal and rubrospinal systems

Front 46

mesencephalic locomotor region

Back 46

a region of the reticular formation of the midbrain whose stimulation causes alternating movements of the limbs normally seen during locomotion