Career Step - Skeletal System

Front 1

Name and Number the Axial Skeleton

Back 1

Skull 21 (8 paired and 5 unpaired)
Ossicles of Ears 6 (3 per side)
Lower Jaw 1
Hyoid
Vertebrae 26 bones
Chest 25 bones
Total 80

Front 2

Name and Number the Appendicular skeleton

Back 2

Upper extremities 64 bones
Lower extremities 62 bones
Total 126

Front 3

Define Bone cells

Back 3

Cells the body has programmed to create bones

Front 4

Define Immature Bone

Back 4

The first formation of bone

Front 5

Define mature bone

Back 5

Bone that has ossified and calcified

Front 6

Define Ossification

Back 6

Bone formation

Front 7

Define Osteoblasts

Back 7

Bone formation
osteoblasts Bone-forming cells that secrete a matrix which becomes calcified

Front 8

Define Osteocytes

Back 8

Former osteoblasts that are surrounded by bone matrix and have calcified

Front 9

Define Osteoclasts

Back 9

Large multinucleated cells that reabsorb bone matrix

Front 10

Define Osteoid

Back 10

The matrix in which young bone is formed, as well as the young bone itself that is created

Front 11

Define Cortical Bone

Back 11

Cortical (compact) bone represents almost 80% of the skeletal mass of the human body. It is called "compact" because it forms a protective outer layer around every bone in the body.

Front 12

Define Osteon

Back 12

The structural unit of compact bone. Each osteon has a central canal (Haversian canal) containing capillaries, arterioles, venules, nerves, and probably lymphatics.

Front 13

Define Cancellous Bone

Back 13

(spongy) bone represents about 20% of the skeletal mass, 80% of bone surface. It contains a trabecular (mesh-like) network of bone tissue that allows it to maintain its shape despite compressive forces. does not contain osteons; less dense, very elastic; higher turnover rate

Front 14

Define Canaliculi

Back 14

The narrow channels through which the osteocytes extend.

Front 15

Define Lacunae

Back 15

Small cavities containing mature bone cells.(Osteocytes)

Front 16

Define long bones

Back 16

Long bones are bones whose length is greater than their width

Front 17

Define short bones

Back 17

Short bones are shaped more like cubes and are generally found in the ankle and wrist

Front 18

Define flat bones

Back 18

Flat bones are found in the cranial vault, sternum (breastbone), shoulder blades, and ribs. Flat bones are made up of a layer of marrow (diploe) sandwiched between two layers of compact bone.

Front 19

Define sesamoid bones

Back 19

Sesamoid bones are mostly rounded masses embedded in certain tendons and are usually related to the surfaces of joints. Included in this group are the patella (kneecap), metacarpophalangeal joints of the hands, and metatarsophalangeal joints of the toes.

Front 20

Define wormian bones

Back 20

Wormian bones are small bones found between suture lines of the skull where the edges of the skull bones are joined together.

Front 21

Define Sinuses

Back 21

Cavities inside a bone.

Front 22

Define head of a bone

Back 22

Rounded end of a long bone (the rounded tip).

Front 23

Define foramen

Back 23

Opening or hole in a bone

Front 24

Define tubercle

Back 24

Small rounded projections.

Front 25

Define fossa/groove/pit

Back 25

Indentation of a bone, also called a depression.

Front 26

Define condyles/
epicondyles

Back 26

Rounded bone projections.

Front 27

Define neck of a bone

Back 27

Constricted end of a long bone before the head or rounded end.

Front 28

Define canal/meatus

Back 28

Long or deep hole in a bone.

Front 29

Define facets

Back 29

Small, smooth, and flat areas.

Front 30

Elastic fibers are composed of what 2 proteins?

Back 30

elastin - protein that forms the core of each fiber

fibrillin - a glycoprotein that forms a thin mantle of microfibrils around the elastin protein core

Front 31

Define anterior fontanel

Back 31

The space where the frontal angles of the parietal bones meet the two ununited halves of the frontal bone.

Front 32

Define posterior fontanel

Back 32

The space where the occipital angles of the parietal bones meet the occipital.

Front 33

Define anterolateral fontanels

Back 33

An interval on either side of the head where the frontal angle of the temporal bone and greater wing of the sphenoid meet.

Front 34

Define posterolateral fontanels

Back 34

The interval on either side of the head between the mastoid angle of the parietal bone, the temporal bone, and the occipital bone.

Front 35

Back 35

Front 36

Back 36

Front 37

Back 37

Front 38

Name 2 bones of the cranium that cannot be depicted

Back 38

Palatine bone is the bone of the “roof of the mouth”
The ethmoid bone separates the nasal cavity from the brain

Front 39

Back 39

Front 40

Name and Describe the Ossicles of the Ear

Back 40

Front 41

Name and Describe and Jaw and Neck Bones

Back 41

Front 42

Name the 8 sections of the Vertebral Column?

Back 42

Front 43

Difference between Concave and Convex

Back 43

Front 44

Define Articulate

Back 44

Loosely connect or join. The 12 vertebrae of the thoracic spine articulate to the 12 ribs to form protection for the thoracic cavity.

Front 45

Define intervertebral discs

Back 45

Intervertebral disks (also correctly spelled discs) are composed of fibrous tissue and cartilage located between the vertebrae. Their function is to form strong joints and absorb spinal compression and shock.

Front 46

Define Sternal Angle

Back 46

Area of sternum where the manubrium and body join.

Front 47

Name and Describe the 12 Strenum and Rib Bones

Back 47

Front 48

Name and Describe the Scapula

Back 48

Front 49

Define Olecranon

Back 49

The large process at the proximal end of the ulna which projects behind the articulation with the humerus and forms the bony prominence of the elbow.

Front 50

Define Trochlear Notch

Back 50

Pulley-shaped structure of the elbow

Front 51

Define radial notch

Back 51

Point at which the radius and ulna articulate.

Front 52

Name the Hand and Wrist Bones (8 Carpal Bones)

Back 52

The 8 carpal bones are the hamate, scaphoid, trapezium, pisiform, trapezoid, lunate, triquetrum, and capitate bones.

Front 53

Name and Describe the 3 Phalanges

Back 53

There are 5 fingers, and each has 3 phalanges (the distal, medial, and proximal phalanges), with the exception of the thumb, which has only 2.

Front 54

Name and Describe the 11 Bones of the Hip

Back 54

Front 55

Name and Describe the Leg and Foot Bones (7 tarsal bones)

Back 55

There are 7 tarsal bones in each foot: the talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, and 1st, 2nd, and 3rd cuneiforms.

Front 56

transverse arch

Back 56

Formed at the base of the metatarsals, extending from the medial to the lateral sides of the foot

Front 57

medial longitudinal arch

Back 57

Predominant arch, running from the base of the calcaneus to the talus, and down to the three medial metatarsals

Front 58

lateral longitudinal arch

Back 58

Arches just enough to redistribute body weight to the calcaneus and head of the fifth metatarsal

Front 59

. calcaneus

Back 59

Heel bone; the strongest bone in the foot

Front 60

fibrous joints

Back 60

No joint cavity and, in general, do not move.

Front 61

cartilaginous joints

Back 61

Have no cavities and are somewhat moveable.

Front 62

synovial joints

Back 62

Have joint cavities that are kept lubricated by synovial fluid.

Front 63

plane joints

Back 63

Joints that glide where the flat ends of bones connect.

Front 64

uniaxial joints

Back 64

Allow movement around one axis only.

Front 65

biaxial joints

Back 65

Allow movement around two axes.

Front 66

multiaxial joints

Back 66

Allow movement around three axes.

Front 67

flexion

Back 67

Bending to decrease the angle between two bones. Think of this as “flexing” the biceps.

Front 68

extension

Back 68

Unbending to increase the angle between two bones. Think of this as extending, as in reaching your arm as far as you can.

Front 69

abduction

Back 69

Moving a body part away from the midline.

Front 70

adduction

Back 70

Moving a body part toward the midline.

Front 71

circumduction

Back 71

Movement of a body part in a circle, which can include all the above joint movements as well.

Front 72

accessory ligament

Back 72

Any ligament that strengthens or supports another ligament.

Front 73

arcuate ligament

Back 73

Means curved or bow-shaped ligaments; they are located in the spine and assist in maintaining the erect position. (Also called ligamenta flava [plural], and ligamentum flavum [singular].)

Front 74

collateral ligament

Back 74

There are several types of collateral ligaments, including fibular, radial, tibial, ulnar, etc. These are basically ligaments that are not direct, but are supporting ligaments.

Front 75

coracoid ligament

Back 75

Coracoid means like a raven’s beak and is used to describe an area on the scapula. It is so named for its shape.

Front 76

cruciate ligament

Back 76

Cruciate means shaped like a cross. There are different types of cruciate ligaments, including anterior, posterior, and lateral. They appear in many places in human anatomy, such as the knees, fingers, and toes.

Front 77

falciform ligament

Back 77

Falciform means shaped like a sickle and appears near the sacral tuberosity as well as within the liver.

Front 78

inguinal ligament

Back 78

Inguinal is a term used to describe the groin area.

Front 79

interosseous ligament

Back 79

Interosseous means between bones and describes several different ligaments.

Front 80

longitudinal ligament

Back 80

Longitudinal simply means lengthwise. It is used to describe any ligament that runs lengthwise.

Front 81

nuchal ligament

Back 81

Nuchal means pertaining to the neck.

Front 82

triquetral ligament

Back 82

Triquetral means three cornered and appears in different places throughout the body. The prefix tri- should be familiar as meaning three.

Front 83

apophyseal f.

Back 83

A fracture in which a small fragment is torn from the bone.

Front 84

articular f.

Back 84

A fracture of the joint surface.

Front 85

avulsion f.

Back 85

An indirect fracture caused by tearing or pulling of a ligament.

Front 86

blow-out f.

Back 86

A fracture of the orbital floor caused by traumatic force.

Front 87

boxer f.

Back 87

Fracture of the metacarpal neck, caused by striking something hard with a closed fist.

Front 88

bucket-handle f.

Back 88

Also called a "bucket-handle tear," it is a tear in the cartilage and it leaves a loop of cartilage lying in the intercondylar notch.

Front 89

burst f.

Back 89

Also called an "axial compression fracture," it is a fracture of a vertebra, often injuring the spinal cord.

Front 90

butterfly f.

Back 90

A comminuted fracture resulting in two fragments of bone on either side of a main fragment; the result resembles a butterfly.

Front 91

buttonhole f.

Back 91

Also called a "perforating fracture," it results when a bone is perforated by a missile.

Front 92

chisel f.

Back 92

Detachment of a piece from the head of the radius.

Front 93

cleavage f.

Back 93

Shelling off of cartilage by a small fragment of bone.

Front 94

closed f.

Back 94

A fracture that does not penetrate or produce an open wound in the skin.

Front 95

Colles' f.

Back 95

Fracture of the lower end of the radius, where the fragment is displaced.

Front 96

comminuted f.

Back 96

A fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed.

Front 97

complete f.

Back 97

A fracture in which the bone is entirely broken all the way across.

Front 98

complicated f.

Back 98

When there is injury to adjacent parts of the bone due to a fracture.

Front 99

compound f.

Back 99

Basically just an open fracture.

Front 100

compression f.

Back 100

A fracture as a result of compression.

Front 101

condylar f.

Back 101

A fracture of the humerus where a small fragment that includes the condyle is separated from the bone.

Front 102

dislocation f.

Back 102

A fracture that occurs near a joint and results in displacement of the joint.

Front 103

greenstick f.

Back 103

Also called "hickory-stick fracture," it is a fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side is bent.

Front 104

hangman's f.

Back 104

A fracture through the axis (C2).

Front 105

impacted f.

Back 105

When one fragment of a fracture is driven into another.

Front 106

indirect f.

Back 106

A fracture that occurs at a point distant from the injury.

Front 107

insufficiency f.

Back 107

A stress fracture that occurs when there is a normal amount of stress, but the bone is of decreased density.

Front 108

intra-articular f.

Back 108

A fracture on the articular surface of a bone (also acceptably presented as intraarticular.)

Front 109

intracapsular f.

Back 109

A fracture occurring within the capsule of a joint.

Front 110

intrauterine f.

Back 110

Fracture of a fetal bone while in utero.

Front 111

Le Fort f.

Back 111

Fracture of the maxilla. (There are different types of Le Fort fractures; they are dictated "Le Fort 1, 2, or 3" and are transcribed as Le Fort I, Le Fort II, and Le Fort III.)

Front 112

linear f.

Back 112

A fracture extending along the length of a bone.

Front 113

longitudinal f.

Back 113

A break extending in a longitudinal direction.

Front 114

oblique f.

Back 114

A break extending in an oblique direction.

Front 115

open f.

Back 115

A fracture that results in an external wound (i.e., a portion of the fractured bone protrudes through the skin).

Front 116

simple f.

Back 116

Opposite of a compound fracture; basically a closed fracture.

Front 117

spiral f.

Back 117

Also called a "torsion fracture," it is where a bone is literally twisted apart.

Front 118

spontaneous f.

Back 118

Occurs as a result of some longstanding disease and is not traumatic.

Front 119

stress f.

Back 119

Caused as a result of repeated stress to a bone (commonly seen in soldiers or athletes).

Front 120

subcapital f.

Back 120

A fracture of a bone just below its head.

Front 121

torsion f.

Back 121

Also called a "spiral fracture." it is where a bone is literally twisted apart.

Front 122

torus f.

Back 122

A fracture with localized expansion of the cortex, but little or no displacement of the lower end of the bone.

Front 123

transverse f.

Back 123

A fracture that occurs at a right angle to the axis of a bone.

Front 124

tuft f.

Back 124

A splintered fracture of the distal phalanx.

Front 125

achondroplasia

Back 125

A hereditary disorder of cartilage and bone formation.
Symptoms are disproportionately short limbs.

Front 126

ankylosing spondylitis

Back 126

This is a rheumatoid arthritis of the spine. It is progressive and is found most often in young men, affecting the intervertebral joints, the sacroiliac joints, and the costovertebral joints.
Symptoms are back pain and early morning stiffness relieved by activity.

Front 127

arthritis

Back 127

This affects joints and is the inflammation of one or more joints. There are many types. The most common is osteoarthritis.
Symptoms include joint pain, swelling, stiffness, deformity, fever, and weight loss.

Front 128

inflammation

Back 128

Arthritis is the inflammation of one or more joints.

Front 129

rheumatoid

Back 129

A type of arthritis characterized by inflammatory changes throughout the body's connective tissues.

Front 130

chondrosarcoma

Back 130

This is a malignant tumor of cartilage.
Symptoms include pain and generally the presence of a mass.

Front 131

degenerative joint disease

Back 131

Joint disease characterized by degeneration of the articular cartilage.
Symptoms include pain and stiffness in joints which is aggravated with physical activity and relieved with rest.

Front 132

Ewing tumor

Back 132

This is a cancerous tumor or malignancy that invades the entire shaft of the bone.
Symptoms include pain and swelling.

Front 133

sarcoma

Back 133

A connective tissue tumor that is usually malignant.

Front 134

gout

Back 134

A systemic disease due to deposition of urate crystals.
Symptoms include episodes of severe pain and swelling, usually affecting a single joint.

Front 135

Hurler syndrome

Back 135

This is caused by irregular ossification and is due to an overproduction of mucopolysaccharides.
Symptoms include short stature, coarse features, skeletal deformities, enlarged organs.

Front 136

muco-
polysaccharides

Back 136

An antiarthritic compound that effectively increases the viscosity (or stickiness) of synovial fluid.

Front 137

hypo-
phosphatasia

Back 137

This condition is a result of a deficiency in alkaline phosphatase.
Symptoms include skeletal defects, bone pain, and other abnormal body chemistries.

Front 138

alkaline phosphatase

Back 138

Enzyme produced in the bone and liver.

Front 139

Legg-Calve-
Perthes disease

Back 139

Disease of the hip joint that results in a loss of bone mass due to inadequate blood flow to the joint.
Symptoms include hip or groin pain which is aggravated with physical activity. A limp is often the result of the severe pain.

Front 140

Marfan syndrome

Back 140

This results from abnormal formation of connective tissue.
Symptoms include long, slender habitus, skeletal malformations, and vision/eye problems.

Front 141

multiple myeloma

Back 141

This is the most common bone neoplasm. It is a tumor derived from the blood cells.
Symptoms include pain and swelling.

Front 142

Osgood-Schlatter disease

Back 142

This disease affects the tibial tubercle, where the patella inserts onto the tibia. It manifests itself when growth centers become stressed (usually due to physical/athletic activity).
Symptoms include limping and pain at the site upon exertion.

Front 143

osteochondritis dissecans

Back 143

This is the term for osteochondrosis (see below) involving the joints, particularly the shoulder and knee joints.

Front 144

osteochondrosis

Back 144

a group of developmental disorders that affect ossification centers and usually occur in adolescence. Some of these include Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, Osgood-Schlatter disease, and Scheuermann disease. Major symptoms include pain and limited movement of the affected joints or bones.

Front 145

osteogenesis imperfecta

Back 145

This is also a result of abnormal formation of connective tissues.
Symptoms include blue sclerae, fractures as a result of very minor trauma, and deafness.

Front 146

osteoid osteoma

Back 146

This is a benign lesion that can occur in any bone, but is most common in the long bones.
Symptoms include skeletal deformities, bowing of long bones, and hypertrophy of epiphyses.

Front 147

osteomalacia

Back 147

This is softening of bone as a result of the bone being poorly mineralized.
Symptoms include deformities and fractures of bones.

Front 148

osteomyelitis

Back 148

This is usually a bacterial infection of the bone, although it can also be a fungal infection. The most common pathogen is the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus.
Symptoms include the onset of bone pain, fever, and chills. (Incidentally, most infections are recognizable by the presence of fever and chills.)

Front 149

Staphylococcus aureus

Back 149

Bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus, it is found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum.

Front 150

osteoporosis

Back 150

This occurs when the density of the bone is inadequate to allow for the proper support required of bone.
Symptoms include backache, loss of height, and forward hunching of the spine (which is called kyphosis).

Front 151

kyphosis

Back 151

Forward hunching of the spine.

Front 152

Paget disease

Back 152

A degenerative disorder of the bone resulting in the softening and swelling of bone.
Symptoms include bone pain, kyphosis, bowing of the shins, and cranial swelling. (The cranial swelling specifically can lead to deafness.)

Front 153

psoriatic arthritis

Back 153

Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease which causes scaling, dryness, pustules, and abscesses to appear on the nails, scalp, lumbar area of the spine, and genitalia. This can lead to joint involvement, which is psoriatic arthritis.

Front 154

Reiter syndrome

Back 154

This is an arthritis associated with nonbacterial urethritis, conjunctivitis, cervicitis, and mucocutaneous lesions. conjunctivitis is the most common lesion of the eye, and mucocutaneous lesions are superficial ulcers.

Front 155

rickets

Back 155

Occurs in infants as a result of overgrowth of poorly mineralized bone and enlarged marrow cavities.
Symptoms include skeletal deformities, bowing of long bones, and hypertrophy of epiphyses.

Front 156

Scheuermann disease

Back 156

This disease specifically affects the ossification centers of the vertebrae.
Symptoms include juvenile kyphosis, or a curved appearance of the spine.

Front 157

scoliosis

Back 157

Scoliosis is lateral (or sideways) curvature of the spine in the erect position. It is caused by malalignment of the vertebrae.