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23 Cards in this Set

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Trait-factor theories
Assume there is a direct relationship between an individual's interests and abilities and vocational choices. When interests and abilities are matched, the individual has found his or her future vocation.
The societal circumstances of career choice theory contends that
circumstances of society beyond the control of the individual are the contributing factors in career choice.
Developmental (or self-concept) theories
hold that as an individual grows older, self-concept changes along with the view of the reality of his or her vocational choice
Personality and vocational choice theories
based on the concept that people with similar personalities choose the same types of vocations
Environmental behavioral theories
incorporate elements of the societal circumstances and personality theories into a classification system that observes the relationship between the interaction of individuals in the environment and their behavior
Bordin, Nachmann, and Segal
developed a framework for vocational development using psychoanalytic theory as their base.
Ginzberg, Ginzberg, Axelrad, and Herma
Developed a multi-stage vocational choice theory
1) Fantasy period - characterized by the lack of reality of the child in vocational choice
2) Tentative period - characterized by a shift from the child's interests as the child becomes aware that he or she has more capacities in one area than another
3) Transition period -
4) Realistic stage
5) Exploration stage - incorporates the elements of the transition period
6) Crystallization stage
7) Stage of specification - individual chooses a specific occupation
Holland's six occupational environments
1) Realistic
2) Investigative
3) Social
4) Conventional
5) Enterprising
6) Artistic
Holland's Realistic individuals ...
Deal better with things than with ideas or people, are oriented toward the present, and value tangible things such as money, power, and status. They avoid dealing with subjectivity and intellectualism and lack social skills. They are persistent, mature, and simple. These people are in engineering, technical fields, skilled trades, and agriculture.
Holland's Investigative individuals ...
Thinks, organizes, understands, and copes with problems intellectually. Investigative people tend to think of themselves as intellectuals and scholars and tend to avoid interpersonal relationships. Their achievement is in academic and scientific areas. They hold less conventional attitudes and are found in occupations related to math and science.
Holland's Social individuals ...
Seeks justification in therapeutic situations and is skilled in close interpersonal relations Social people are sensitive to the needs of others. They are involved in teaching, understanding others, helping others by using their verbal and social skills for behavioral changes, and are optimistic, scholarly, and verbally oriented. They are found in the helping professions.
Holland's Conventional individuals
Value rules and regulations, have a great deal of self-control, are neat and organized, and need structure and order. Conventional people think of themselves as conforming and orderly. They identify with power and status but do not necessarily aspire to obtain those things for themselves they follow orders well. They are found in accounting, business, and clerical vocations.
Holland's Enterprising individuals
Skilled verbally but use these skills for manipulation and domination and aspire to obtain power and status. They are aggressive, self-confident, verbal, and social. Political, leadership and power roles are important to them, and they aspire to obtain these roles. They are found in sales and supervisory and leadership positions.
Holland's Artistic individuals
Relate to others through artistic expression. Dislike structure. Rely on feelings and imagination. Artistic people think of themselves as intuitive, introspective, nonconforming, and independent. They value artistic qualities and are not interested in politics. They relate through the use of their artistic abilities. They are found in the arts, music, literature, and other creative occupations.
Roe
developed the concept that every individual inhertis certain ways of expending his or her energy. This, combined with childhood experiences, results in a style that manifests itself in vocational choices. Draws on Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Believes that genetic disposition, needs theory, and the influence of childhood experiences and innate style combine to form the basis of vocational choice.
Super
stated that the implementation of self-concept is a key factor that influences career development over the life span. People express their self-concepts by entering occupations they perceive as allowing self-expression.
Super's developmental life stages (as related to career development
1) Growth
2) Exploration
3) Establishment
4) Maintenance
5) Decline
Tiedman
Saw career development as a result of the developing self. Components of his theory include situational, societal, and biological factors.
Gelatt's decision-making processes
1) Obtain the information that forms the basis fo rmaking the decision. All information is biased by the fact that it is always changing and by the intentions of the sender of the information
2) Arrange and rearrange this information by being flexible and having knowledge of your individual needs
3) Make a choice. Try to be rational, but if the decision seems irrational, have a good reason for making that decision
Tiedman and O'Hara's Anticipation Phase of Decision Making
1) Exploration - Individual investigates educational, occupational, and personal alternatives
2) Crystallization stage - Individual organizes, evaluates, synthesizes, and orders the personal information and the alternatives from the exploration stage
3) Choice stage - Individual makes a choice based on the information gained in the crystallization stage
4) Clarification stage - Individual forms and carries out a plan to implement the choice
Tiedman and O'Hara's Accomodation Phase
1) Induction - During the first months of implementation, individuals come to understand the reality of the choice they have made.
2) Reformation - Individuals work out the realities of the choices they have made
3) Integration - Individuals integrate their identities with those in the chosen setting.
Vernon Zunker
Established a model for the use of assessment results in developmental career counseling. 4 Steps:
1) Analyzing needs
2) Establishing the purpose of testing
3) Determining the instruments to be used
4) Utilizing the results in decision making for training and education
Types of career assessment tests
1) Achievement tests
2) Career maturity inventories
3) Interest tests
4) Peraonality and value inventories