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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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_______ is a defense reaction caused by tissue damage or injury.
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inflammation
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Inflammation can be elicited by...
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- infectious agents
- antigen-antibody interaction - ischemia - thermal and physical injury |
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Inflammation is characterised by...
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- heat
- redness - swelling - pain - loss of function |
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Inflammatory responses occur in three distinct phases. What are they?
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1. transient phase
2. subacute phase 3. chronic proliferative phase |
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an acute phase of inflammation, characterized by local vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
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transient phase
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a delayed phase of inflammation, most prominently characterized by infiltration of leukocytes and phagocytic cells
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subacute phase
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a phase in inflammation in which tissue degeneration and fibrosis occur
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chronic proliferative phase
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What are the mediators of inflammation?
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-vasoactive amines (mast cells and platelets)
-platelet activating factor -complement system -kinin system -cytokines -nitric oxide -adhesion molecules -arachidonic acid metabolites |
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What are the vasoamines? What is found in each of them?
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-mast cells - histamine
-platelets - serotonin |
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What is the most important product in the kinin system?
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bradykinin
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What is mediated by cyclooxygenases? (COX)
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arachidonic acid metabolites
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What are the arachidonic acid metabolites?
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-prostaglandins
-thromboxane A2 -HETE -leukotrienes |
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The major enzymes inhibited by NSAID's are...
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cyclooxygenases (COX)
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Of the two main forms of COX, which one is always present?
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COX-1
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Of the two main forms of COX, which one is always associated with inflammation?
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COX-2
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Of the two main forms of COX, which one produces prostaglandins that mediate homeostatic functions?
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COX-1
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Of the two main forms of COX, which one plays an important role in gastric mucosa, kidney, platelets, and vascular endothelium?
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COX-1
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Of the two main forms of COX, which one produces prostaglandins that mediate inflammation, pain, and fever?
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COX-2
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What are the 5 types of NSAID's?
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1. salicylates
2. propionic acid 3. enolic acids (oxicams) 4. arylacetic acid derivatives 5. selective COX-2 inhibitors |
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Salicylates are highly bound to the plasma protein _________, (it will have drug interactions with other medications leading to higher free drug levels).
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albumin
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What is the most widely used and prescribed analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory drug?
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aspirin
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What are some of the adverse effects of salicylates?
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- salicylism
- induction of asthma attacks - Reye's syndrome |
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What is the alternative drug for babies/children to use to avoid Reye's syndrome?
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acetaminophen (Tylenol)
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What are the proprionic acid derivatives?
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- ibuprofen
- naproxen - ketoprofen - oxaprozin |
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Which of the NSAID's is 20x more potent than aspirin?
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naproxen
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Which of the NSAID's is effective in both humans and animals?
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ketoprofen
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What are the Arylacetic acid derivatives?
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- indomethacin
- sulindac - ketorolac - diclofenac - bromfenac - etodolac - nabumetone |
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Which of the NSAID's is a potent analgesic (given IM) and a moderate anti-inflammatory that is routinely used in emergency rooms?
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ketorolac
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What are the Enolic acids?
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- piroxicam
- meloxicam |
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Most (if not all) NSAID's can increase the anticoagulant effect of _______.
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warfarin
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What are the specific COX-2 inhibitors?
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- celecoxib (celebrex)
- refecoxib (vioxx) - valdecoxib (bextra) |
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Potentially all NSAID's can block the diuretic actions of _______.
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thiazole
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___________ has little to no anti-inflammatory action.
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Acetaminophen
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What is a product of acetaminophen?
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NAPQI
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What is the treatment for acetaminophen overdose? What does it do?
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n-acetyl-cysteine - it replenishes GSH
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