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149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The heart, trachea, and esophagus form a midline portion called what?
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Mediastinum
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What circulation brings deoxygenated blood to the heart and then to the lungs?
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Pulmonary circulation
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What circulation brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart and then off to the tissues?
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Systemic circulation
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What are the primary functions of the heart?
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Generates BP, routes blood, regulates blood supply by alternating rate and force of contraction to match metabolic needs
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What is the double layered membrane around the heart?
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Pericardium
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Which layer of the pericardium prevents overdistension?
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Fibrous pericaridum
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Which pericardial layer anchors the heart in the mediastinum?
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Fibrous pericardium
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The parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium make up what layer?
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Serous pericardium
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What is located between the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium to help decrease friction between tissues as heart beats?
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Pericardial cavity
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What is an inflammatory response to a bacterial infection of pericardium which decreases the amount of fluid produced?
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Pericarditis
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What is synonymous with the epicardium?
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Visceral pericardium
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What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?
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Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
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What is the name of the flap like structures that are located on the superior, anterior surface of the atria?
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Auricles
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What is the former name of the area at which the fossa ovalis is located?
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Foramen ovale
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What returns doxygenated blood from the heart tissue itself?
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Coronary sinus
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What are the receiving chambers called?
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Atria
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What are the distributing chambers called?
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Ventricles
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What are the purpose of the atrioventricular valves?
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To allow blood from the atria to the ventricles but prevent back flow of blood into atria
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What is the name of the right atrioventricular valve?
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Tricuspid valve
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What is the name if the left atrioventricular valve?
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Bicuspid/mitral valve
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What is responsible for closing the atrioventricular valves shut?
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Chordae tendinae
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What is the route of pulmonary circulation?
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deoxy blood from tissues --> vena cavae --> r. atrium --> tricuspid valve --> r. ventricle --> pul SL valve --> pulm trunk --> pulm arteries --> lungs
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What is the route of systemic circulation?
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oxy blood from lungs --> pulm vein -->left atrium --> bicuspid valve --> left ventricle --> aortic SL valve --> aorta --> tissues
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What are specialized cardiac muscle cells gap functions to allow electrical activity to jump from one cell to the next?
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Intercalated disks
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Which cellular component makes up most of the heart?
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Contractile cells
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What causes the beginning of depolarization from RMP to rise to threshold?
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Some NA channels opening
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What causes the steep uprise in depolarization in contractile cells?
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Many Na channels opening (Na influx)
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What happens during the plateau phase in contractile cells?
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Slow Ca channels open, inhibiting polarization (prevents tetany) and K permeability decreases further delaying repolarization
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What happens during repolarization in contractile cells?
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Membrane permeability to K increases allowing K efflux and Ca channels close
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What conductile tissue is known as the pacemaker because it depolarizes the fastest and begins the sequence of excitation?
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Sinoatrial node (SA)
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What is the name of the connection between the SA node and the AV node?
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Internodal Pathway
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What is the name of the conductile tissue that is the site of depolarization delay?
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Atrioventricular (AV) node
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What is the purpose of the AV nodal delay?
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To allow the atria to fully contract and empty blood into the ventricles before the ventricles are stimulated
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What is the name of the conductile tissue that carries AP toward the ventricles and branches at the interventricular septum?
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Bundle of His
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What is the name of the conductile tissue that causes the ventricles to contract in the apex to base direction?
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Purkinje fibers
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An RMP does not exist in conductile or contractile cells?
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Conductile
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What causes the steep uprise at threshold in conductile cells?
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Ca influx thru LONGERLASTING Ca channels
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What happens during the gradual depolarization process of conductile cells?
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Constant Na influx, decrease permeability to K, Ca influx thru TRANSIENT Ca channels
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What is happening during the repolarization process in conductile tissues?
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K efflux increases
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What is the relationship between conductile cells and contractile cells?
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Conductile cells fire APs that initiate APs in contractile cells
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What is the purpose of an electrocardiogram?
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It uses electrodes placed on surface of body to detect a summation of all Aps traveling the the heart at any given time and displays electrical events responsible for mechanical events
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What is the Pwave described as?
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Atrial depolarization
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What does the T wave represent?
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Ventricular repolarization
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What does the QRS complex represent?
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Ventricular depolarization
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When does atrial repolarization occur?
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hidden by ventricular depolarization/QRS
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What is the first heart sound described as?
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Lubb
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What is the second heart sound described as?
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Dupp
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What causes the first heart sound?
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Vibrations of AV valves closing at beginning of ventricular systole
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What causes the second heart sound?
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Vibrations of SL valves closing at the beginning of ventricular diastole
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What is the name of the condition described as high heart rate (100-250 BPM)?
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Tachycardia
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What condition describes HR less than 60 BPM?
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Brachycardia
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What is the term for any variation from normal sequence of excitation in the heart?
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Arrhythmias
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What is described as cessation of the P-wave and causes a decrease in heartrate because AV node takes over as the pacemaker?
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SA nodal block
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What increases during an AV nodal block and degree is based on delay time?
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Interval b/w P-wave & QRS
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What happens during the AV nodal block?
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Ventricles dont receive all the atrial impulses
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What stage of an AV nodal block is the P wave totally disassociated from the QRS?
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3rd degree
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What AV nodal block degree consists of some P-waves that trigger the QRS and some do not?
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2nd degree
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What condition is described as very rapid, highly uncoordinated myocardial contractions resulting an irreversible tissue damage and even death of person?
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Ventricular fibrillation
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What is the term for the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute?
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Cardiac Output
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Cardiac output is determines by what?
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Multiplying HR and stroke volume
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What is the term for the amount of blood pumped by the heart per beat?
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Cardiac output
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What is the concept that the more ventricular muscle is stretched, the more forceful the subsequent contraction will be?
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Starling's Law
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What is the term for the amount of blood entering the right atrium from the vena cavae?
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Venous return
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If the venous return is high what will be the result to cardiac output?
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Increases
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What is the name of regulation with in the heart?
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Intrinsic
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What is the name for regulation of mechanisms origninating outside of the heart?
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Extrinsic
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What is the primary method of extrinsic regulation of the heart?
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Neural control by the autonomic nervous system
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Where is the vagal center located?
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Medulla Oblongata
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What part of the autonomic system does the vagal center control?
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Parasympathetic
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What does the parasympathetic system do to heart rate?
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Decreases heart rate
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Where is the preganglionic origin in the parasympathetic system?
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Vagus (X) in carotid
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What neurotransmitter(s) is/are released from the postganglion in the parasympathetic system?
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ACH
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What is the name of the receptor on the heart that neurotransmitters bind to in the parasympathetic system?
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Muscarinic
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What is specific receptor does the preganglionic neurotransmitter bind to in the parasympathetic system?
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N1
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What channel(s) open as ACH binds to muscarinic receptors?
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K+ (efflux)
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What happens to the AV nodal delay in the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Increases
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Where is the Vasomotor center located?
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Medulla Oblongata
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The vasomotor center controls which part of the autonomic system?
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Sympathetic
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What does the vasomotor center do to heartrate?
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Increases
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What is the preganglionic origin in the sympathetic system?
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Spinal nerves T1-L2
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What neurotransmitter(s) is/are released from the postganglion in the sympathetic system?
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine
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What receptors do the neurotransmitters bind to on the heart in the sympathetic nervous system?
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Beta 1
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Beta 1 receptor stimulation causes what channels to open?
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Ca
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What happens to the AV nodal delay in the sympathetic nervous system?
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Decreases
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What blood vessels carry blood to the capillaries from the arteries?
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arterioles
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What layer of the blood vessel consists of endothelium, basement membrane (epithelium) and lamina propria?
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Tunica Intima
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Which layer of the blood vessel is in direct contact with the blood?
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Tunica Intima
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Which layer of the blood vessel is made of smooth muscle in order to vasoconstrict/vasodilate?
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Tunica media
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What type of stimulation is required in order for vasoconstriction to occur?
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Sympathetic
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What type of stimualtion is required to yield vasodilation?
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Lack of sympathetic
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Which blood vessel layer is composed of collagen fibers that anchor vessels to surround strcutures?
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Tunica Adventitia
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What is the outermost layer of blood vessels?
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Tunica Adventitia
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What is the fxn of the arterial system?
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Transports oxygenated blood from heart to tissues
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What type of arteries have the ability to expand and hold blood when heart is in active systole, then snap back in diastole for continuous blood flow?
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Elastic/conducting arteries
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What are the largest group of arteries?
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Elastic/conducting arteries
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The majority of elastin is found in what layer of the blood vessels?
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Tunica media
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What group of arteries have the thickest tunica media containing smooth muscle?
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Muscular/distributing arteries
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Which group of arteries is more active in vasodilation and vasoconstriction and less destensibility?
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Muscular/distributing arteries
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Vasoconstriction/vasodilation of arterioles is determined by what?
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Amount of blood flow to capillaries serving the tissues
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What are the smallest venous vessels?
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Venules
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What layers of the blood vessels do larger venules contain? smaller?
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Tunica intima and thin tunica media; tunica intima
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Veins can hold up to how much of our total blood volume at any given time?
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65%
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What blood vessels are also known as "blood reservoirs"?
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Veins
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What do veins have to prevent excess pooling of blood and ensure one-way blood flow toward the heart?
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Venous valves
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What is the term for the actual volume of blood folwing thru a vessel, an organ, or entire circulation at a given time?
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Blood flow
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What is the term for the force exerted by blood on arterial walls?
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Blood Pressure
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What is the term for the amount of friction blood encounters as it passes thry peripheral circulation?
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Total Peripheral Resistance
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How do you calculate blood pressure?
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BP = CO * TPR
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What two factors determine TPR?
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Vessel diameter, blood viscosity
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If you have a low diameter what will happen to the TPR?
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Increases
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What are the two regulations of blood pressure?
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Neural and chemical
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What are the receptors involved in neural (short-term) regulation of blood pressure that monitor minute to minute fluctuations in BP?
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Baroreceptors
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Where are the baroreceptors located?
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Arch of aorta, bifurcation of carotids
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What type of signals are sent to the CNS when a sudden change in BP has occured?
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Afferent
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Which nerve sends afferent signals from receptors at the aorta?
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Vagus (X)
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Which nerve sends afferent signals from receptors at the bifurcation of the carotids?
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Glossopharyngeal (IX)
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What causes afferent signals to be sent to the VMC center and then what will the response be?
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Decrease BP; Increase BP
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What causes afferent signals to be sent to the VC center and then what will the response be?
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Increase BP; Decrease BP
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If the Vagal center is stimulated, what receptors on the heart will be activated?
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Muscarinic
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If the Vasomotor center is stimulated, what receptors on the heart will be activated? on the blood vessels?
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Beta 1; alpha 1
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What will the end result be if alpha 1 receptors on the blood vessels are activated?
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BP increases
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How do you calculate blood pressure?
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BP = CO * TPR
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What two chemicals can regulate BP?
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Antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin and renin
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What two factors determine TPR?
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Vessel diameter, blood viscosity
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If you have a low diameter what will happen to the TPR?
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Increases
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What are the two regulations of blood pressure?
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Neural and chemical
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What are the receptors involved in neural (short-term) regulation of blood pressure that monitor minute to minute fluctuations in BP?
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Baroreceptors
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Where are the baroreceptors located?
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Arch of aorta, bifurcation of carotids
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What type of signals are sent to the CNS when a sudden change in BP has occured?
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Afferent
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Which nerve sends afferent signals from receptors at the aorta?
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Vagus (X)
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Which nerve sends afferent signals from receptors at the bifurcation of the carotids?
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Glossopharyngeal (IX)
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What causes afferent signals to be sent to the VMC center and then what will the response be?
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Decrease BP; Increase BP
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What causes afferent signals to be sent to the VC center and then what will the response be?
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Increase BP; Decrease BP
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If the Vagal center is stimulated, what receptors on the heart will be activated?
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Muscarinic
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If the Vasomotor center is stimulated, what receptors on the heart will be activated? on the blood vessels?
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Beta 1; alpha 1
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What will the end result be if alpha 1 receptors on the blood vessels are activated?
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BP increases
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What two chemicals can regulate BP?
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Antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin and renin
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Where is vasopressin synthesized?
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Hypothalamus
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Antidiuretic hormone is released by what?
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Post. pituitary
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What causes ADH to be released?
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Low BP
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What is the target tissue of ADH?
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Kidneys
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How does ADH increase blood pressure?
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It increases water retention which increases the overall blood volume which will increase BP
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Where is renin synthesized?
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Kidneys
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Where is renin released?
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Kidneys
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What causes renin to be released?
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Low BP
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What is the role of renin within the bloodstream?
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Its an enzyme to catalyze Angiotensin II
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What is the target tissue of Angiotensin II?
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Adrenal cortex of adrenal gland
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What corticoid hormone is releases when Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex?
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Aldosterone
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What is the purpose for Aldosterone?
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It travels to the kidneys to cause an increase in NaCl retention, which will increase water retention, to an overall increase in BP
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