Cardiovascular System - The Heart

Front 1

The heart, trachea, and esophagus form a midline portion called what?

Back 1

Mediastinum

Front 2

What circulation brings deoxygenated blood to the heart and then to the lungs?

Back 2

Pulmonary circulation

Front 3

What circulation brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart and then off to the tissues?

Back 3

Systemic circulation

Front 4

What are the primary functions of the heart?

Back 4

Generates BP, routes blood, regulates blood supply by alternating rate and force of contraction to match metabolic needs

Front 5

What is the double layered membrane around the heart?

Back 5

Pericardium

Front 6

Which layer of the pericardium prevents overdistension?

Back 6

Fibrous pericaridum

Front 7

Which pericardial layer anchors the heart in the mediastinum?

Back 7

Fibrous pericardium

Front 8

The parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium make up what layer?

Back 8

Serous pericardium

Front 9

What is located between the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium to help decrease friction between tissues as heart beats?

Back 9

Pericardial cavity

Front 10

What is an inflammatory response to a bacterial infection of pericardium which decreases the amount of fluid produced?

Back 10

Pericarditis

Front 11

What is synonymous with the epicardium?

Back 11

Visceral pericardium

Front 12

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

Back 12

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

Front 13

What is the name of the flap like structures that are located on the superior, anterior surface of the atria?

Back 13

Auricles

Front 14

What is the former name of the area at which the fossa ovalis is located?

Back 14

Foramen ovale

Front 15

What returns doxygenated blood from the heart tissue itself?

Back 15

Coronary sinus

Front 16

What are the receiving chambers called?

Back 16

Atria

Front 17

What are the distributing chambers called?

Back 17

Ventricles

Front 18

What are the purpose of the atrioventricular valves?

Back 18

To allow blood from the atria to the ventricles but prevent back flow of blood into atria

Front 19

What is the name of the right atrioventricular valve?

Back 19

Tricuspid valve

Front 20

What is the name if the left atrioventricular valve?

Back 20

Bicuspid/mitral valve

Front 21

What is responsible for closing the atrioventricular valves shut?

Back 21

Chordae tendinae

Front 22

What is the route of pulmonary circulation?

Back 22

deoxy blood from tissues --> vena cavae --> r. atrium --> tricuspid valve --> r. ventricle --> pul SL valve --> pulm trunk --> pulm arteries --> lungs

Front 23

What is the route of systemic circulation?

Back 23

oxy blood from lungs --> pulm vein -->left atrium --> bicuspid valve --> left ventricle --> aortic SL valve --> aorta --> tissues

Front 24

What are specialized cardiac muscle cells gap functions to allow electrical activity to jump from one cell to the next?

Back 24

Intercalated disks

Front 25

Which cellular component makes up most of the heart?

Back 25

Contractile cells

Front 26

What causes the beginning of depolarization from RMP to rise to threshold?

Back 26

Some NA channels opening

Front 27

What causes the steep uprise in depolarization in contractile cells?

Back 27

Many Na channels opening (Na influx)

Front 28

What happens during the plateau phase in contractile cells?

Back 28

Slow Ca channels open, inhibiting polarization (prevents tetany) and K permeability decreases further delaying repolarization

Front 29

What happens during repolarization in contractile cells?

Back 29

Membrane permeability to K increases allowing K efflux and Ca channels close

Front 30

What conductile tissue is known as the pacemaker because it depolarizes the fastest and begins the sequence of excitation?

Back 30

Sinoatrial node (SA)

Front 31

What is the name of the connection between the SA node and the AV node?

Back 31

Internodal Pathway

Front 32

What is the name of the conductile tissue that is the site of depolarization delay?

Back 32

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Front 33

What is the purpose of the AV nodal delay?

Back 33

To allow the atria to fully contract and empty blood into the ventricles before the ventricles are stimulated

Front 34

What is the name of the conductile tissue that carries AP toward the ventricles and branches at the interventricular septum?

Back 34

Bundle of His

Front 35

What is the name of the conductile tissue that causes the ventricles to contract in the apex to base direction?

Back 35

Purkinje fibers

Front 36

An RMP does not exist in conductile or contractile cells?

Back 36

Conductile

Front 37

What causes the steep uprise at threshold in conductile cells?

Back 37

Ca influx thru LONGERLASTING Ca channels

Front 38

What happens during the gradual depolarization process of conductile cells?

Back 38

Constant Na influx, decrease permeability to K, Ca influx thru TRANSIENT Ca channels

Front 39

What is happening during the repolarization process in conductile tissues?

Back 39

K efflux increases

Front 40

What is the relationship between conductile cells and contractile cells?

Back 40

Conductile cells fire APs that initiate APs in contractile cells

Front 41

What is the purpose of an electrocardiogram?

Back 41

It uses electrodes placed on surface of body to detect a summation of all Aps traveling the the heart at any given time and displays electrical events responsible for mechanical events

Front 42

What is the Pwave described as?

Back 42

Atrial depolarization

Front 43

What does the T wave represent?

Back 43

Ventricular repolarization

Front 44

What does the QRS complex represent?

Back 44

Ventricular depolarization

Front 45

When does atrial repolarization occur?

Back 45

hidden by ventricular depolarization/QRS

Front 46

What is the first heart sound described as?

Back 46

Lubb

Front 47

What is the second heart sound described as?

Back 47

Dupp

Front 48

What causes the first heart sound?

Back 48

Vibrations of AV valves closing at beginning of ventricular systole

Front 49

What causes the second heart sound?

Back 49

Vibrations of SL valves closing at the beginning of ventricular diastole

Front 50

What is the name of the condition described as high heart rate (100-250 BPM)?

Back 50

Tachycardia

Front 51

What condition describes HR less than 60 BPM?

Back 51

Brachycardia

Front 52

What is the term for any variation from normal sequence of excitation in the heart?

Back 52

Arrhythmias

Front 53

What is described as cessation of the P-wave and causes a decrease in heartrate because AV node takes over as the pacemaker?

Back 53

SA nodal block

Front 54

What increases during an AV nodal block and degree is based on delay time?

Back 54

Interval b/w P-wave & QRS

Front 55

What happens during the AV nodal block?

Back 55

Ventricles dont receive all the atrial impulses

Front 56

What stage of an AV nodal block is the P wave totally disassociated from the QRS?

Back 56

3rd degree

Front 57

What AV nodal block degree consists of some P-waves that trigger the QRS and some do not?

Back 57

2nd degree

Front 58

What condition is described as very rapid, highly uncoordinated myocardial contractions resulting an irreversible tissue damage and even death of person?

Back 58

Ventricular fibrillation

Front 59

What is the term for the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute?

Back 59

Cardiac Output

Front 60

Cardiac output is determines by what?

Back 60

Multiplying HR and stroke volume

Front 61

What is the term for the amount of blood pumped by the heart per beat?

Back 61

Cardiac output

Front 62

What is the concept that the more ventricular muscle is stretched, the more forceful the subsequent contraction will be?

Back 62

Starling's Law

Front 63

What is the term for the amount of blood entering the right atrium from the vena cavae?

Back 63

Venous return

Front 64

If the venous return is high what will be the result to cardiac output?

Back 64

Increases

Front 65

What is the name of regulation with in the heart?

Back 65

Intrinsic

Front 66

What is the name for regulation of mechanisms origninating outside of the heart?

Back 66

Extrinsic

Front 67

What is the primary method of extrinsic regulation of the heart?

Back 67

Neural control by the autonomic nervous system

Front 68

Where is the vagal center located?

Back 68

Medulla Oblongata

Front 69

What part of the autonomic system does the vagal center control?

Back 69

Parasympathetic

Front 70

What does the parasympathetic system do to heart rate?

Back 70

Decreases heart rate

Front 71

Where is the preganglionic origin in the parasympathetic system?

Back 71

Vagus (X) in carotid

Front 72

What neurotransmitter(s) is/are released from the postganglion in the parasympathetic system?

Back 72

ACH

Front 73

What is the name of the receptor on the heart that neurotransmitters bind to in the parasympathetic system?

Back 73

Muscarinic

Front 74

What is specific receptor does the preganglionic neurotransmitter bind to in the parasympathetic system?

Back 74

N1

Front 75

What channel(s) open as ACH binds to muscarinic receptors?

Back 75

K+ (efflux)

Front 76

What happens to the AV nodal delay in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Back 76

Increases

Front 77

Where is the Vasomotor center located?

Back 77

Medulla Oblongata

Front 78

The vasomotor center controls which part of the autonomic system?

Back 78

Sympathetic

Front 79

What does the vasomotor center do to heartrate?

Back 79

Increases

Front 80

What is the preganglionic origin in the sympathetic system?

Back 80

Spinal nerves T1-L2

Front 81

What neurotransmitter(s) is/are released from the postganglion in the sympathetic system?

Back 81

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 82

What receptors do the neurotransmitters bind to on the heart in the sympathetic nervous system?

Back 82

Beta 1

Front 83

Beta 1 receptor stimulation causes what channels to open?

Back 83

Ca

Front 84

What happens to the AV nodal delay in the sympathetic nervous system?

Back 84

Decreases

Front 85

What blood vessels carry blood to the capillaries from the arteries?

Back 85

arterioles

Front 86

What layer of the blood vessel consists of endothelium, basement membrane (epithelium) and lamina propria?

Back 86

Tunica Intima

Front 87

Which layer of the blood vessel is in direct contact with the blood?

Back 87

Tunica Intima

Front 88

Which layer of the blood vessel is made of smooth muscle in order to vasoconstrict/vasodilate?

Back 88

Tunica media

Front 89

What type of stimulation is required in order for vasoconstriction to occur?

Back 89

Sympathetic

Front 90

What type of stimualtion is required to yield vasodilation?

Back 90

Lack of sympathetic

Front 91

Which blood vessel layer is composed of collagen fibers that anchor vessels to surround strcutures?

Back 91

Tunica Adventitia

Front 92

What is the outermost layer of blood vessels?

Back 92

Tunica Adventitia

Front 93

What is the fxn of the arterial system?

Back 93

Transports oxygenated blood from heart to tissues

Front 94

What type of arteries have the ability to expand and hold blood when heart is in active systole, then snap back in diastole for continuous blood flow?

Back 94

Elastic/conducting arteries

Front 95

What are the largest group of arteries?

Back 95

Elastic/conducting arteries

Front 96

The majority of elastin is found in what layer of the blood vessels?

Back 96

Tunica media

Front 97

What group of arteries have the thickest tunica media containing smooth muscle?

Back 97

Muscular/distributing arteries

Front 98

Which group of arteries is more active in vasodilation and vasoconstriction and less destensibility?

Back 98

Muscular/distributing arteries

Front 99

Vasoconstriction/vasodilation of arterioles is determined by what?

Back 99

Amount of blood flow to capillaries serving the tissues

Front 100

What are the smallest venous vessels?

Back 100

Venules

Front 101

What layers of the blood vessels do larger venules contain? smaller?

Back 101

Tunica intima and thin tunica media; tunica intima

Front 102

Veins can hold up to how much of our total blood volume at any given time?

Back 102

65%

Front 103

What blood vessels are also known as "blood reservoirs"?

Back 103

Veins

Front 104

What do veins have to prevent excess pooling of blood and ensure one-way blood flow toward the heart?

Back 104

Venous valves

Front 105

What is the term for the actual volume of blood folwing thru a vessel, an organ, or entire circulation at a given time?

Back 105

Blood flow

Front 106

What is the term for the force exerted by blood on arterial walls?

Back 106

Blood Pressure

Front 107

What is the term for the amount of friction blood encounters as it passes thry peripheral circulation?

Back 107

Total Peripheral Resistance

Front 108

How do you calculate blood pressure?

Back 108

BP = CO * TPR

Front 109

What two factors determine TPR?

Back 109

Vessel diameter, blood viscosity

Front 110

If you have a low diameter what will happen to the TPR?

Back 110

Increases

Front 111

What are the two regulations of blood pressure?

Back 111

Neural and chemical

Front 112

What are the receptors involved in neural (short-term) regulation of blood pressure that monitor minute to minute fluctuations in BP?

Back 112

Baroreceptors

Front 113

Where are the baroreceptors located?

Back 113

Arch of aorta, bifurcation of carotids

Front 114

What type of signals are sent to the CNS when a sudden change in BP has occured?

Back 114

Afferent

Front 115

Which nerve sends afferent signals from receptors at the aorta?

Back 115

Vagus (X)

Front 116

Which nerve sends afferent signals from receptors at the bifurcation of the carotids?

Back 116

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Front 117

What causes afferent signals to be sent to the VMC center and then what will the response be?

Back 117

Decrease BP; Increase BP

Front 118

What causes afferent signals to be sent to the VC center and then what will the response be?

Back 118

Increase BP; Decrease BP

Front 119

If the Vagal center is stimulated, what receptors on the heart will be activated?

Back 119

Muscarinic

Front 120

If the Vasomotor center is stimulated, what receptors on the heart will be activated? on the blood vessels?

Back 120

Beta 1; alpha 1

Front 121

What will the end result be if alpha 1 receptors on the blood vessels are activated?

Back 121

BP increases

Front 122

How do you calculate blood pressure?

Back 122

BP = CO * TPR

Front 123

What two chemicals can regulate BP?

Back 123

Antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin and renin

Front 124

What two factors determine TPR?

Back 124

Vessel diameter, blood viscosity

Front 125

If you have a low diameter what will happen to the TPR?

Back 125

Increases

Front 126

What are the two regulations of blood pressure?

Back 126

Neural and chemical

Front 127

What are the receptors involved in neural (short-term) regulation of blood pressure that monitor minute to minute fluctuations in BP?

Back 127

Baroreceptors

Front 128

Where are the baroreceptors located?

Back 128

Arch of aorta, bifurcation of carotids

Front 129

What type of signals are sent to the CNS when a sudden change in BP has occured?

Back 129

Afferent

Front 130

Which nerve sends afferent signals from receptors at the aorta?

Back 130

Vagus (X)

Front 131

Which nerve sends afferent signals from receptors at the bifurcation of the carotids?

Back 131

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Front 132

What causes afferent signals to be sent to the VMC center and then what will the response be?

Back 132

Decrease BP; Increase BP

Front 133

What causes afferent signals to be sent to the VC center and then what will the response be?

Back 133

Increase BP; Decrease BP

Front 134

If the Vagal center is stimulated, what receptors on the heart will be activated?

Back 134

Muscarinic

Front 135

If the Vasomotor center is stimulated, what receptors on the heart will be activated? on the blood vessels?

Back 135

Beta 1; alpha 1

Front 136

What will the end result be if alpha 1 receptors on the blood vessels are activated?

Back 136

BP increases

Front 137

What two chemicals can regulate BP?

Back 137

Antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin and renin

Front 138

Where is vasopressin synthesized?

Back 138

Hypothalamus

Front 139

Antidiuretic hormone is released by what?

Back 139

Post. pituitary

Front 140

What causes ADH to be released?

Back 140

Low BP

Front 141

What is the target tissue of ADH?

Back 141

Kidneys

Front 142

How does ADH increase blood pressure?

Back 142

It increases water retention which increases the overall blood volume which will increase BP

Front 143

Where is renin synthesized?

Back 143

Kidneys

Front 144

Where is renin released?

Back 144

Kidneys

Front 145

What causes renin to be released?

Back 145

Low BP

Front 146

What is the role of renin within the bloodstream?

Back 146

Its an enzyme to catalyze Angiotensin II

Front 147

What is the target tissue of Angiotensin II?

Back 147

Adrenal cortex of adrenal gland

Front 148

What corticoid hormone is releases when Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex?

Back 148

Aldosterone

Front 149

What is the purpose for Aldosterone?

Back 149

It travels to the kidneys to cause an increase in NaCl retention, which will increase water retention, to an overall increase in BP