Cardiovascular System Chap 8 Vet Tech Course

Front 1

fibrous covering of heart

Back 1

Pericardium

Front 2

Cardiovascular system divided into what circulation systems

Back 2

two separate circulation systems:
A. Systemic
B. Pulmonary

Front 3

Lines the chambers of the heart

Back 3

Endocardium

Front 4

Subsystems of the two circulation systems

Back 4

Venous
Arterial

Front 5

muscular layer of the heart that is a thin membrane covering the internal surface

Back 5

Myocardium

Front 6

Function of the venous system

Back 6

carries deoxygenated blood toward heart

Front 7

sac that covers the fibrous pericardium and contains a small volume of fluid

Back 7

epicardium

Front 8

Venous system blood flows to the

Back 8

right atrium

Front 9

the right atrioventricular valve is also known as the

Back 9

tricuspid valve

Front 10

Vessels that carry blood toward the heart

Back 10

veins

Front 11

a small blind sac that extends from the atrium

Back 11

auricle

Front 12

Vessels that carry blood away from heart

Back 12

arteries

Front 13

apex of the heart is formed by which chamber

Back 13

left ventricle

Front 14

Pulmonary arteries are the only arteries that carry what type of blood

Back 14

deoxygenated

Front 15

in reference to the cardiovascular system the term occlusion means

Back 15

closing off a vessel by external pressure

Front 16

Pulmonary veins are the only veins that carry what type of blood

Back 16

oxygenated

Front 17

where would you place your hands to perform CPR compressions in an emergency situation

Back 17

beneath the point of the elbow when the foreleg is flexed over the left chest wall

Front 18

After blood flows to the right artrium where does it travel to next

Back 18

the right ventricle

Front 19

the aortic branch which provides blood to the liver is the

Back 19

celiac artery

Front 20

How is blood pumped into pulmonary circulation

Back 20

with the pulmonary artery

Front 21

the normal heart rhythm is determined by firing of the

Back 21

sinoarterial node

Front 22

What is the function of the pulmonary capillary beds?

Back 22

Carbon dioxide and oxygen transfer takes place

Front 23

the _________ is the sum of the forces that the ventricle must contract against to make the blood move forward

Back 23

afterload

Front 24

Describe circulatory path after oxygen is picked up in the pulmonary capillary beds

Back 24

The oxygenated blood travels through the pulmonary veins

Front 25

the function of heart valves is

Back 25

to ensure a one-way flow of blood through the hearat

Front 26

Where does blood travel once it is in the pulmonary veins

Back 26

The oxygenated blood travels into the left atrium and left ventricle

Front 27

the _______ anchor the AV valve flaps during the vetricular systole, thus preventing the backflow of blood into the atria

Back 27

chordae tendinae

Front 28

Blood pumped from the left atrium and left ventricle circulates ....

Back 28

into the systemic arterial circulation to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues

Front 29

the circuit of blood leaving the right ventricle and returning to the left atrium is referred to as the

Back 29

pulmonary circulation

Front 30

Arterioles

Back 30

smaller branches of larger arteries
° provide resistance to blood flow
° protect capillary beds from high systemic system pressures
° maintain blood pressure
° steady tissue perfusion

Front 31

gas exchanges between the blood and tissues occurs at the

Back 31

capillary beds throughout the body

Front 32

Carbon dioxide and waste products are delivered away from tissues via

Back 32

systemic veins

Front 33

the _____ is a heart valve with two flaps that prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle

Back 33

mitral valve

Front 34

Pulmonary system is what type of system

Back 34

low-pressure system with low resistance to blood flow

Front 35

the double-walled membraneous sac enclosing the heart is the

Back 35

pericardium

Front 36

Systemic arterial circulation is regarded as what type of system

Back 36

high-pressure system - high-hydrostatic pressure is required to push blood into tissues above the heart (brain, heart, kidney)

Front 37

the most common congenital cardiac defect in dogs allows shunting of blood from the aorta to the pulmonary artery

Back 37

patent ductus arteriousus

Front 38

The majority of blood circulation volume is carried by what system

Back 38

systemic (80%)

Front 39

the electrocardiograph is a useful tool for all the following assessments except

Back 39

ausculating the depolorization of the ventricles

Front 40

The lowest blood circulation volume is carried by what system

Back 40

pulmonary (15%)

Front 41

which part of the ECG graph represents ventricular depolorization?

Back 41

QRS complex

Front 42

function of the cardiovascular system

Back 42

°maintain normal blood pressure (arteries, veins capillaries)
° maintain blood flow to tissues

Front 43

the normal cariac rhythm which includes a P wave for each QRS-T complex is called

Back 43

sinus rhythm

Front 44

perfusion

Back 44

perfusion is the process of nutritive delivery of arterial blood to a capillary bed in the biological tissue.

Front 45

when the ventricles quiver and lose the ability to contract rhythmicly it is called

Back 45

fibrillation

Front 46

importance of normal perfusion

Back 46

1. nutrients to tissues
2. removal of waste products from tissues
3. transport of hormonal messages

Front 47

an essentially flat-line tracing on and ECG indicates ______ and CPR must be started

Back 47

asystole

Front 48

systolic

Back 48

maximum blood pressure achieved during ventricular contraction

Front 49

the largest artery in the body

Back 49

aorta

Front 50

pulse

Back 50

the expanding and recoiling of the arterial wall

Front 51

conducts blood into the heart from the body

Back 51

vena cava

Front 52

diastolic

Back 52

lowest pressure when the arteries in the ventricles are relaxing

Front 53

used in small animals when a large blood sample must be drawn or for long-term catherization

Back 53

jugular

Front 54

systemic resistance

Back 54

friction between blood and the arterial vessel wall

Front 55

often used with a vicious animal to avoid being bitten

Back 55

saphenous

Front 56

vasomotor center

Back 56

controls vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Front 57

a pressure point of the fore limb to stem blood flow in an emergency

Back 57

brachial

Front 58

autonomic nervous system

Back 58

selects the organ system to be perfused

Front 59

the most common artery for monitoring pulse in the dog and cat

Back 59

femoral

Front 60

sympathetic nervous system

Back 60

dominates blood flow during exercise

Front 61

an easily accessible vessel commonly used for injections and small blood samplings

Back 61

caphalic

Front 62

parasympathetic system

Back 62

directs blood flow towards the digestive system

Front 63

swabbing with alcohol will make these marginal vessels more obvious

Back 63

auricular

Front 64

aorta

Back 64

largest artery in the body, crucial to vascular system

Front 65

good for monitoring pulse, especially for an anesthetized patient. Humans also use this pulse point often.

Back 65

radial

Front 66

vena cava

Back 66

largest vein in the body, collects returning blood from all areas

Front 67

used for venipuncture in the rat

Back 67

coccygeal

Front 68

jugular vein

Back 68

°used for blood collecting, indwelling catheters
° located in groove on each side of neck

Front 69

the tough fibrous external layer of the membrane covering the heart is called the

Back 69

pericardium

Front 70

carotoid artery

Back 70

° landmark to avoid jugular venipuncture
° not often used to monitor pulse in small animals but used in people

Front 71

the outer surface of the heart itself is covered with the

Back 71

epicardium

Front 72

cephalic vein

Back 72

° most common site used in small animals for venipuncture and indwelling catheters
° located on the dorsal aspect of forearm

Front 73

the thick muscular layer of the heart is called

Back 73

myocardium

Front 74

radial artery

Back 74

° used to monitor pulse
° located along medial aspect of carpus

Front 75

the chambers of the heart are lined with the thin layer of

Back 75

endocardium

Front 76

brachial artery

Back 76

° primary pressure point to stem blood flow in the foreleg during an emergency
° located medial aspect of the humerus between the muscle masses of the biceps

Front 77

the two thin-walled receiving chambers of the heart are the

Back 77

atria

Front 78

femoral artery

Back 78

° artery used to monitor pulse in dogs and cats
° located in femoral triangle
° hindlimb pressure point to stop blood flow in an emergency situation

Front 79

the thicker walled chambers into which the atria feed are called

Back 79

ventricles

Front 80

femoral vein

Back 80

° occasionally used for venipuncture, during anesthesia
° easily ruptured

Front 81

the left atriaventricular valve is called the

Back 81

mitral

Front 82

dorsal pedal artery

Back 82

° may be used to monitor pulse
° used to monitor arterial blood pressure under anesthesia
° located on the cranial surface of the tarsus

Front 83

the right atriaventricular valve is called the

Back 83

tricuspid

Front 84

saphanenous vein

Back 84

° used for catherization, saphenous in dogs, medial in cats
° used for venipuncture in aggressive animals to avoid being bitten
° located on the lateral aspect of the hock

Front 85

external iliac artery

Back 85

° important in cats, may be site of saddle thrombosis

Front 86

lingual artery

Back 86

° used in monitoring during anesthesia
° located on the ventral surface of tongue

Front 87

auricular vessels

Back 87

° primarily used in rabbits, can also be used in other animals, especially long eared breeds such as Basset Hounds
° located along margins of the ear

Front 88

coccygeal vesselsar

Back 88

° used for venipuncture in rats and mice
° used for monitoring the pulse in cattle
° located on the ventral surface of the tail

Front 89

normal heart rhythm is determined by the firing of

Back 89

sinoatrial node

Front 90

when ventricles quiver and lose ability to contract rhythmicly it is called

Back 90

fibrilation

Front 91

double-walled membranous sac enclosing the heart

Back 91

pericardium

Front 92

circuit of blood leaving right ventricle and returning to left atrium is referred to as the

Back 92

pulmonary circulation

Front 93

which part of the ECG graph represents ventricular depolorization

Back 93

QRS complex

Front 94

aortic branch which provides blood to the liver is

Back 94

celiac artery

Front 95

thin-walled chambers of the heart

Back 95

arteria

Front 96

prevents blood movement from the left ventricle to the left atrium

Back 96

mitral valve

Front 97

muscular wall separating left and right ventricle

Back 97

septum

Front 98

lines inside of the heart chambers

Back 98

endocardium

Front 99

supplies blood to the myocardial muscles

Back 99

coronary arteries

Front 100

the only veins that carries oxygenated blood

Back 100

pulmonary veins

Front 101

distributes blood to all body organs except lungs

Back 101

aorta

Front 102

period when the heart is contracting and generating pressure

Back 102

systolic

Front 103

period when the heart is relaxing and refilling with blood

Back 103

diastole

Front 104

the pumping chambers

Back 104

ventricles

Front 105

three segments of aorta

Back 105

1. ascending
2. arch (or transversing)
3. descending

Front 106

types of coronary arteries

Back 106

right
left

Front 107

location of coronary arteries

Back 107

right arises from the right anterior aortic sinus
left (larger than right in humans) arises from the left anterior aortic sinus

Front 108

branches of aorta

Back 108

innominate
carotid
subclavian

Front 109

EDV

Back 109

end of diastole, ventricle has filled to maximum volume

Front 110

ESV

Back 110

end-systolic volume

Front 111

stroke volume

Back 111

amount of blood ejected from the ventricle during each systole =
EDV - ESV = SV

Front 112

AV

Back 112

Antrioventricular node

Front 113

stenosis

Back 113

narrowing in a blood vessel

Front 114

afterload

Back 114

total forces of ventricle contraction

Front 115

preload

Back 115

sum of blood in heart prior to contraction

Front 116

name two parts of the cardiac cycle

Back 116

systole
diastole

Front 117

first heart sound

Back 117

AV valves close

Front 118

second heart sound

Back 118

closure of the semilunar valves

Front 119

third heart sound

Back 119

AV valves open ventricle fills with blood (normal in horses and ruminants, abnormal in carnivores)

Front 120

fourth heart sound

Back 120

atrial contraction (normal in ruminants or equine, abnormal in carnivores)

Front 121

describe the differences between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle

Back 121

1. impulses travel from cell to cell in heart muscle
2. heart contracts as unit or relaxes as a unit
3. cardiac tissues have automoticity that can initiate depolarization
4. only a small portion of heart tissue is automatic
5. have a long refractory period

Front 122

SA

Back 122

Sinoartrial node or pacemaker sets basic heart rhythm - is automatic tissue

Front 123

LV

Back 123

Left ventricle

Front 124

RV

Back 124

Right ventricle

Front 125

parasympathetic activation of heart

Back 125

slows heart rate, slightly decreases contractility, vasodilation = reduces blood pressure (is initiated during sleep, rest state

Front 126

sympathetic activation of heart

Back 126

heart rate increases, conduction increases, increases contractile state , peripheral vasoconstriction blood selectively directed to major organs = increased blood pressure (is initiated during state of stress, fear, emotion, exercise)

Front 127

bundle of His

Back 127

right and left branches of atrioventricular bundle

Front 128

AP Wave of automatic tissue is depolarized ________

Back 128

when calcium channels open, making the cell positive and depolarized

Front 129

AP Wave of nonautomatic tissue is depolarized _____________

Back 129

when fast sodium channels open to allow sodium to enter cell, making the cell positive and depolarized

Front 130

normal heart rhythm is determined by

Back 130

the SA node

Front 131

baroreceptors

Back 131

detect changes in blood pressure

Front 132

excitation-contraction coupling

Back 132

the process of electrical activity that determines when the heart muscle should contract

Front 133

myofibrils

Back 133

structures within the myocite that contain sarcomeres, the units responsible for contraction

Front 134

what are actin filaments and what is their function?

Back 134

thin filaments within the sarcomere that project from the Z line toward the center of the sarcomere - a protein - gives mechanical support to cell, enables movement of cellular fluids by enhancing cell mobility, participates in signal transmission, works upon the cytoplasm and hardens it

Front 135

What are myosin fliaments and what is their function?

Back 135

they are thick filaments project from the middle of the sarcomere and run parallel to the actin filaments.
1. they possess contractile property like the actins
2. help enhance muscle contraction
3. are a motor protein
4. they are divided into head and tail
5. the head combines with actin to initiate force

Front 136

A band

Back 136

the region where actin and myosin overlap (in the sarcomere)

Front 137

I band

Back 137

the region where only thin filaments are located (in the sarcomere)

Front 138

H band

Back 138

the region where only myosin filaments are located (in the sacromere)

Front 139

Z line

Back 139

the structure located at the end of sacromere

Front 140

T tubules

Back 140

transverse tubular system that is part of the cell membrane (sarcolemma) and is associated with the saarcoplasmic reticulum at the level of the Z lines.

Front 141

L-type calcium channels

Back 141

located in the region of the Z line where the T tubules are in close association with sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 142

function of the sacroplasmic reticulum

Back 142

stores calcium during diastole and releases calcium during systole

Front 143

what is the sacroplasmic reticulum

Back 143

a membrane-limited structure that surrounds the microfibrils within the myocardial cell

Front 144

sodium-calcium exchange

Back 144

removes excess calcium from the myocites

Front 145

backflow of blood from the arteries to the ventricles is prevented by the _____ valve

Back 145

semilunar

Front 146

the pacemaker of the heart is called the

Back 146

sinoartrial

Front 147

the pacemaker produces electrical impulses that spread to the

Back 147

atrioventricular

Front 148

electrical impulses ultimately travel through the _____ fibers to stimulate contraction of the ventricles

Back 148

purkinje

Front 149

heart rate is influenced by the two branches of the ______ nervous system

Back 149

automatic

Front 150

the _______ division of the _____ system slows the heart rate

Back 150

1. automatic
2. parasympathetic

Front 151

the _____ division of the ________ increases the heart rate

Back 151

1. automatic
2. sympathetic

Front 152

_____ are the small arteries

Back 152

arterioles

Front 153

_______ are the small veins

Back 153

venules

Front 154

______ are the tiny vessels that connects the small arteries called the _____ and the small veins called the _________

Back 154

1. capillaries
2. arteriales
3. venules