Cardiovascular System- Blood

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Functions of Blood

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1)Distribution/Transportation- nutrients, gases, wastes etc
2) communication- hormones
3) Prevention of fluid loss
4) Maintenance of pH
5) disease/infection fighting
6) heating/cooling

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Blood is what type of tissue?

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Connective Tissue: Fluid Connective Tissue

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composition of blood

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plasma
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells

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Blood Plasma

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non living fluid component of blood within which blood cells are suspended

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Blood Plasma contains how much water?

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90%

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Blood Plasma contains 3 types of proteins. Name them.

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1) Albumins
2) Globulins
3) Fibrinogen

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Albumins

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keep water from diffusing out of the blood stream into extracellular matrix of tissues

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Globulins

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include both antibodies and the blood proteins that transport lipids, iron and copper

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immunoglobulins

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antibodies in the blood plasma

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fibrinogen

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essential component of the clotting system

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lipoproteins

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particles containing lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) and proteins (albumins and globulins)

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Blood Plasma Compostion

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92% Water
7% Plasma Proteins
1% Other solutes

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Where are 90% of the plasma proteins manufactured?

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Liver

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Formed Elements of Blood AKA Blood Cells

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Red Blood Cells
white Blood Cells

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What is a Red Blood Cell called?

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Erythrocyte

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Erythrocytes have some unusual features which are:

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lack nuclei and organelles and platelets are merely cell fragments

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Erythrocytes size and function

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about 7.5 micrometers in diameter
small oxygen transporting cells
most numerous formed element

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Shape of Erythrocytes

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bioconcave disc with a depressed center, flexible allows for an increased surface area

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Cytoplasm of Erythrocytes

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packed with hemoglobin which is red due to the oxidation of iron atoms in the blood

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hemoglobin

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an oxygen carrying protein

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Oxygen transport by Erythrocytes

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1)pick up Oxygen at the lung capillaries
2) releases oxygen across other tissue capillaries throughout the body

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Erythrocytes carry

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oxygen
hemoglobin
carbon dioxide

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Life Span of Erythrocytes

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120 Days

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PCV (Packed cell volume) or Hematocrit

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% of the blood sample that is Formed Elements

Men: 46%
Women: 42%

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White Blood Cells are called

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Leukocytes

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White Blood Cells

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crucial to the body's defense against disease

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Name the 5 Types of Leukocytes broken into 2 Categories. Name the Categories

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1) Granulocytes
2) Agranulocytes

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Granulocytes: 3 types of cells, name them

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neutrophil
eosinophil
basophils

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Granulocytes

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named by the type of stain they absorb, contain many obvious granules

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Arganulocytes: Name the 2 types of cells

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lymphocytes
monocytes

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Arganulocytes

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lack obvious granules

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Neutrophils

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Bacteria Destroying AKA Phagocytic
Most abundant class of leukocyte
60% of all white blood cells in healthy people

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Eosinophils

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2-4% of circulating WBCs
look reddish when stained
granules contain digestive enzymes that function during allergic reactions and parasitic infections (phagocytizing allergens)

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Basophils

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rarest WBC, less than 1%
Nucleus bent into a U or S shape
granules contain histamine
discharge of histamine promotes inflammation at sight of injury

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Lymphocytes

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most important cell of the immune system
has a large round nucleus, not much cytoplasm

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antigen

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molecule that induces a response from a lymphocyte

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2 classes of lymphocytes

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1) T Cells
2) B Cells

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T Cells

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attack foreign cells directly

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B Cells

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differentiate and produce antibodies that bind to the antigen and mark the foreign cell for destruction by macrophages

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monocytes

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largest leukocytes, kidney or U shapes nucleous
contain a larger proportion of cytoplasm, transform into macrophages

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macrophage

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phagocytic cell that moves through connective tissue

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Platelets are also called

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Thrombocytes

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Platelets

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form by breaking off of megakaryocytes
are disc shaped plasma membranes

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Function of Platelets

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plug small tears in walls of blood vessels to limit bleeding
release a molecule that helps initiate clotting

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hemopoiesis

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process by which blood cells are formed

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all blood cells arise from one type of cell

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blood stem cell

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2 cells types that arise from blood stem cells

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lymphoid stem cells
myeloid stem cells

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lymphoid stem cells

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give rise to lymphocytes

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myeloid stem cells

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give rise to all other blood cells

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proerythroblasts

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forms erythrocytes

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erythroblasts

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early stage: act as ribosome producing factories and make hemoglobin
late stage and normocyte: hemoglobin accumlates and cell division stops
Normoctye: nucleous and organelles are ejected and it assumes its bioconcave shape

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reticuloctye

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LAST STAGE
enters the bloodsteam and begins transporting Oxygen, erythrocytes stay in this stage until their ribosomes are degraded and lost

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megakaryocytes

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become platelets

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granulocytes

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develop as myeloid cells in red bone marrow

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monocytes

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begin in the bone marrow, circulate and develop in peripheral tissues as phagocytes

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lymphopoeisis

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starts in the bone marrow, migrates to the thymus, migrates to the secondary lymphoid tissue.