Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
210 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is meant by the term "vascular system?"
|
Vascular refers to heart, blood vessels, and blood that make up the circulatory system.
|
|
|
What are the two components of the circulatory system?
|
cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system
|
|
|
What are blood vessels called that carry blood away from the heart?
|
arteries
|
|
|
What are the smallest arteries called that lead into the capillary bed?
|
arterioles
|
|
|
What are blood vessels called that carry blood toward the heart?
|
veins
|
|
|
What are the smallest veins called that leave the capillary beds?
|
venules
|
|
|
What are the blood vessels called that connect arterioles and venules?
|
capillaries
|
|
|
What is the makeup of the wall of major arteries like the aorta?
|
These are made of elastic tissue and smooth muscle.
|
|
|
When the walls of an artery expand then snap back it produces what?
|
a pulse
|
|
|
What is the easiest way to detect heart rate?
|
measure the pulse
|
|
|
Arterioles, the smallest arteries are not elastic, yet they are able to constrict and relax. How is this possible?
|
While arterioles are not elastic, they are able to adjust lumen diameter because they are encircled by smooth muscle which can change the diameter.
|
|
|
What is the medical term for the constriction of a blood vessel?
|
vasoconstriction
|
|
|
What is the medical term for the dilation of a blood vessel?
|
vasodilation
|
|
|
Of what are capillaries made?
|
a single layer of tubular endothelium
|
|
|
What property of capillaries make them ideal for the exchange of wastes, gasses, and nutrients?
|
Exchange occurs easily in capillaries because they are composed of a single layer of endothelial cells.
|
|
|
Mobile while blood cells that can easily pass through capillary walls called macrophages, do what in the body?
|
Macrophages are involved in all stages of the immune response. Eg. - They can engulf bacteria and render them harmless.
|
|
|
What is the approximate diameter of a capillary?
|
8 to 10 µm
|
|
|
Why is it important for red blood cells to travel single file through capillaries?
|
By traveling single file red blood cells are better able slow allowing enough time for diffusion and active transport to occur.
|
|
|
What is the medical term for red blood cells?
|
erythrocytes
|
|
|
What is the medical term for while blood cells?
|
leucocytes
|
|
|
What happens to blood as it flows into the arterial side of the capillary bed?
|
Blood entering the capillary bed is under high pressure forcing liquid out and leaving proteins causing a increase in the solute concentration by the remaining proteins.
|
|
|
What happens to blood as it begins to exit the capillary bed on the venus side?
|
This side of the capillary bed is under lower pressure and higher solute concentration (hypertonic), causing liquids and waste to be reabsorbed into the blood.
|
|
|
What are precapillary sphincters on the arterial side of the capillary bed, and what is their function?
|
These sphincters are composed of smooth muscles that encircle the capillary controlled the amount of blood flowing into the capillary bed. This functions to permit blood to flow to areas with the greatest need for gas exchange or waste removal.
|
|
|
Venules drain into what?
|
veins
|
|
|
What makeup of veins permits blood to pool in them?
|
Veins are thin and able to stretch allowing blood to pool in them.
|
|
|
At any one time, where is most of the blood in the body?
|
2/3 of the blood at any time is in the venous system of the body.
|
|
|
What causes blood to move in veins in tissues back to the heart.
|
contraction of skeletal muscle
|
|
|
What prevents blood from flowing backward in veins?
|
Veins have valves that prevent the backward flow of blood.
|
|
|
Since there is no pump for the movement of lymph in the lymphatic system, how does it move back to the heart to join the general circulation?
|
Lymph veins have valves, much like regular veins, that prevent backward flow. The contraction of skeletal muscles keeps the lymph moving toward the heart.
|
|
|
What role does muscle contraction in moving blood in the body?
|
Skeletal muscles contract and squeeze blood through veins toward the heart.
|
|
|
What is the respiratory pump?
|
The process of inhaling air increases pressure in the abdominal cavity while pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases. As abdominal veins become compressed and thoracic veins dilate, it forces blood back toward the heart.
|
|
|
Do veins have the ability to change in diameter?
|
Yes. When additional circulation is need during exercise, veins can constrict to hasten the delivery of oxygen to tissues. When the need for oxygen decreases, the veins dilate reducing blood flow.
|
|
|
What happens to much of the fluid (plasma) that is pushed out on the arterial side of the capillary bed?
|
The plasma that does not flow back in to the blood of the venous side of the capillary bed is picked up by the lymphatic system and ultimately is returned to the general circulation below the base of the neck.
|
|
|
What is the spleen and what does it do?
|
The human spleen is an organ that creates lymphocytes for the destruction and recycling of old red-blood cells. The spleen is also a blood reservoir. It supplies the body with blood in emergencies such as a bad cut. The spleen is also the location where white blood cells trap organisms.
|
|
|
What is the function of lymph nodes?
|
Lymph nodes are found all through the body, and act as filters or traps for foreign particles. They are important in the proper functioning of the immune system.
|
|
|
What is the composition of lymph?
|
Lymph is composed of fluid from the tissues as well as some white blood cells.
|
|
|
Define blood pressure.
|
Blood pressure is a measurement of the force applied to artery walls.
|
|
|
What measurement can give an indication of the risk of stoke?
|
Ankle Brachial Pressure Index
|
|
|
Describe how to interpret the ABPI reading.
|
Measure the blood pressure of both the ankle and arm. Divide the arm value into the ankle value. A value of 1.0 is ideal. Less than 1.0 can indicate a higher stroke risk, as well as a value significantly higher than 1.0
|
|
|
What is the function of the carotid artery receptors.
|
These receptors are located on the carotid artery in the neck. They register the stretch of the artery. If a stretch is detected (higher blood pressure) the kidneys are triggered to stop retaining water to reduce blood volume and hence pressure.
|
|
|
What are the four most common causes of hypertension?
|
1. salt intake
2. phycological stress 3. genetics 4. obesity |
|
|
What is hypertension?
|
Hypertension is elevated blood pressure over the long-term.
|
|
|
What are the fatty deposits called than can build-up in the arterial wall that causes a clogging of arteries?
|
plaque deposits
|
|
|
Plaque deposit build-up can result in what medical condition?
|
atherosclerosis
|
|
|
What device is used to measure blood pressure?
|
sphygmomanometer
|
|
|
When measuring blood pressure in the arm, over what artery should the appropriately sized cuff fit?
|
brachial artery
|
|
|
After a blood pressure cuff is inflated, what is the measurement called that registers first as air is let out of the cuff?
|
systolic pressure
|
|
|
When air is discharged from a blood pressure cuff and there is a cessation of sounds; what is this called?
|
diastolic pressure
|
|
|
Which is the higher reading; diastolic or systolic?
|
systolic
|
|
|
What is generally considered an "average" blood pressure reading?
|
120 systolic over 80 diastolic
|
|
|
Over what blood pressure is a reading considered hypertensive?
|
140/90
|
|
|
What is an aneurysm?
|
a bulge in a blood vessel
|
|
|
Continual high blood pressure flowing through an artery does what?
|
It damages the endothelium resulting is reduced elasticity and hardening of the artery.
|
|
|
What is a large accumulation of material inside a blood vessel called?
|
a thrombus
|
|
|
It a thrombus breaks loose from its point of attachment, it becomes what?
|
an embolus
|
|
|
What is the plural form of "embolus?"
|
emboli
|
|
|
It blood vessels that serve the brain become blocked, it could result in what serious medical event?
|
a stroke
|
|
|
What is the pointed end of the heart called which projects toward the left lung?
|
the apex
|
|
|
Approximately what is the size of the normal human heart?
|
about the size of a fist
|
|
|
What are the walls dividing Atria and ventricles called?
|
septa
|
|
|
What is the singular form of "septa?"
|
septum
|
|
|
Each side of the heart is divided into two chambers. Name them.
|
The upper chamber is called an atrium, and the lower chamber is called a ventricle.
|
|
|
What is the sac that completely surrounds the heart called?
|
pericardium
|
|
|
Which side of the heart receive oxygen-poor blood?
|
The right side of the heart receive oxygen poor blood which it pumps into the pulmonary circuit.
|
|
|
What is the pulmonary circuit?
|
the circulation to and from the lungs.
|
|
|
Which has the thicker wall; an atrium or a ventricle.
|
ventricle
|
|
|
The superior vena cava carries what type of blood?
|
oxygen poor blood coming from the upper extremities.
|
|
|
What type of blood is carried by the aorta?
|
oxygen-rich blood leaving the heart and going to the beginning of the system circuit
|
|
|
What is the systemic circuit in the body?
|
The systemic circuit includes a complete round trip of blood to and from the heart of the body.
|
|
|
What is the pulmonary circuit?
|
the circuit of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
|
|
|
What type of blood is carried in the pulmonary artery?
|
oxygen-poor venous blood Remember, that oxygen poor blood leaves the heart on its way to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
|
|
|
What type of blood is carried in the pulmonary vein?
|
oxygen rich arterial blood Remember that a definition of a vein is a vessel returning blood to the heart. It DOES NOT refer to whether the blood is arterial or venous.
|
|
|
Name the two semilunar valves.
|
pulmonary and aortic
|
|
|
Name the two atrioventricular valves.
|
Mitral and tricuspid
|
|
|
Between what two chambers would one find the atrioventricular valves?
|
between the atrium and the ventricle
|
|
|
What is another name for the bicuspid valve?
|
mitral valve
|
|
|
What kind of a value is the tricuspid valve?
|
an atrioventricular valve
|
|
|
What are the thread-like projections extending from the atrioventricular valves called?
|
chordae tendineae
|
|
|
What type of blood is entering the heart via the inferior vena cava?
|
oxygen-poor blood coming from the below the heart
|
|
|
Which chamber of the heart has the thickest wall and it therefore able to exert the greatest pressure?
|
left ventricle
|
|
|
What is the wall between the two ventricles called?
|
the ventricular septum
|
|
|
What is the largest artery leading away from the heart called?
|
aorta
(Factoid: The aorta of a large blue whale is large enough for a man to swim through) |
|
|
How many flaps does the tricuspid valve have?
|
three
|
|
|
How many flaps does the bicuspid valve have?
|
two
|
|
|
What is a prolapsed heart valve?
|
If the chordae tendineae break loose from the floor of the ventricle it can cause the blood to leak back into the atrium because of the valve inverting into the atrium causes a leakage of the valve.
|
|
|
Which valve is most subject to prolapse.
|
mitral (bicuspid) valve
|
|
|
All of the heart valves have three flaps except which one?
|
mitral or bicuspid valve between the atrium and ventricle on the left side of the heart
|
|
|
To what muscles are the chordae tendineae attached?
|
papillary muscles which support the AV valves to prevent the flaps from collapsing back into the atria
|
|
|
Through what two valves does blood being pumped out of the hear pass through?
|
1. The pulmonary valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary circulation
2. The aortic valve between the left ventricle and the general circulation |
|
|
What purpose do the semilunar valves serve?
|
prevent the backward flow of blood into the atria from the ventricles
|
|
|
Blood flows through the cardiovascular system in two related circuits. What are they?
|
1. pulmonary circuit
2. systemic circuit |
|
|
What veins bring oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs?
|
pulmonary veins
|
|
|
Contraction of the left atrium sends blood where?
|
into the left ventricle
|
|
|
Contraction of the left ventricle sends blood where?
|
into the aorta to the system circuit
|
|
|
What happens in the capillary beds?
|
oxygen diffuses out to the tissues, and carbon dioxide diffuses in from the tissues
|
|
|
What is the hepatic portal system?
|
a direct connection between organs of the digestive system and the liver
|
|
|
The hepatic portal system begins and ends with what?
|
a capillary bed with a vein in between
|
|
|
What instrument is used to listen to heart functions?
|
stethoscope
|
|
|
How would you describe whistling or swishing sounds heard through the stethoscope?
|
heart murmurs
|
|
|
Why does the heart increase in size during congestive heart failure?
|
it enlarges to compensate for the reduced volume of blood it can move per beat
|
|
|
What machine is used during surgery to replace a heart?
|
heart-lung machine
|
|
|
What is the correct name for the heart muscle?
|
myocardium
|
|
|
What is the physical location of the SA node?
|
it is a patch of myocardium in the right atrial wall which acts as a pacemaker to send electrical signals to cause the atria to contract.
|
|
|
What is the definition of a cardiac cycle?
|
the complete sequence of filling the heart with blood and pumping it out
|
|
|
What does ECG or EKG stand for?
|
electrocardiogram
|
|
|
What is cardiac arrest?
|
it occurs when the heart stops beating
|
|
|
What is an irregular heartbeat called?
|
an arrhythmia
|
|
|
What does an artificial pacemaker do?
|
It overrides the SA node to stabilize heartbeat
|
|
|
What is a fibrillation?
|
a disruption in heartbeat
|
|
|
What is warfarin?
|
a blood thinner
|
|
|
What does CPR stand for?
|
cardiopulmonary resusitation
|
|
|
What is the function of a defibrillator?
|
It delivers a strong electric shock to the chest in order to reverse fibrillation by getting the SA node back in rhythm.
|
|
|
What is another word for a myocardial infarction?
|
heart attack
|
|
|
What is angina?
|
a discomfort in the chest caused by a blood flow reduction in the coronary arteries
|
|
|
What could be used to image the coronary vessels to see if coronary heart disease is present?
|
angiogram or echocardiogram
|
|
|
What is a heart stent?
|
a device which is introduced into the coronary lumen to prevent its collapse
|
|
|
What is another name for all of the blood vessels of the body?
|
cardiovascular system
|
|
|
Name five substances that are carried by the cardiovascular system.
|
1. fluids
2. nutrients 3. hormones 4. salts 5. dissolved gasses |
|
|
Any blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart, whether oxygenated or deoxygenated, is called what?
|
an artery
|
|
|
Any blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart, whether oxygenated or deoxygenated, is called what?
|
a vein
|
|
|
Give an example of an artery that carries deoxygenated blood.
|
pulmonary artery leading from the heart to the lungs for oxygen exchange
|
|
|
What are the connections between arterioles and venules called?
|
capillaries
|
|
|
What are the smallest arteries called?
|
arterioles
|
|
|
What are the smallest veins called?
|
venules
|
|
|
What is the inner layer of a blood vessel called?
|
endothelium
|
|
|
What is the approximate diameter of an erythrocyte?
|
approximately 7 µm
|
|
|
Describe the structure of large arteries that results in the ability to see or feel pulse.
|
The largest arteries have walls made of elastic tissue and smooth muscle.
|
|
|
Arterioles, our smallest arteries, lack the elasticity of large arteries for what reason?
|
Arterioles lack elasticity because they are encircled by smooth muscle which controls diameter.
|
|
|
What is vasoconstriction?
|
reduction in the diameter of a blood vessel resulting in the rise of blood pressure
|
|
|
What is vasodilation?
|
increase in the diameter of a blood vessel results in a drop in blood pressure.
|
|
|
How many layers of endothelium do capillaries have?
|
one
|
|
|
Which white blood cells (leukocytes) easily pass through capillary walls.
|
macrophages
|
|
|
What is the approximate diameter of capillaries?
|
approximately 8 to 10 µm
|
|
|
What happens in the capillary beds?
|
gas exchange (oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange)
|
|
|
On which side of a capillary bed would there be the highest blood pressure and why?
|
There is higher pressure on the arterial side as materials is forced out of arteriole pores, leaving large proteins, thus increasing the blood's solute concentration.
|
|
|
What is the function of pre-capillary sphincters?
|
they are able to control capillary blood flow to various parts of the body distribution oxygen and nutrients where they are most needed.
|
|
|
What structures collect blood from the capillaries and drain into the veins?
|
venules
|
|
|
At any one time 2/3 of the body's blood is found where?
|
in veins
|
|
|
What role does the contraction of skeletal muscle have in the movement of blood?
|
it helps move blood toward the heart
|
|
|
What structures do veins have that prevent the backward flow of blood?
|
one-way valves
|
|
|
What is caused when veins become chronically dilated?
|
varicose veins may form because the valves in the veins do not close properly.
|
|
|
How does the act of breathing aid in the movement of blood toward the heart?
|
Inhaling increases the pressure in the abdominal cavity, while pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases. Abdominal veins become compressed and thoracic veins dilate, forcing blood toward the heart.
|
|
|
What is the movement of the blood toward the heart by the act of breathing called?
|
the respiratory pump
|
|
|
What aids in the movement of lymph back toward the heart to re-enter the general circulation?
|
muscle contraction
|
|
|
What is lymph?
|
fluid from tissues and some white blood cells
|
|
|
Lymph veins are similar to regular veins in what morphological characteristic?
|
both have valves to prevent backward flow of fluid
|
|
|
What is blood pressure?
|
Blood pressure is the force of blood against arterial walls.
|
|
|
What is the function of carotid artery receptors on blood volume?
|
These receptors monitor the stretch of the arterial wall and will signal the kidneys to decrease water retention in the blood to decrease blood volume.
These receptors also signal the brain to trigger vasodilation and reduce heart rate and contraction strength to reduce the volume of each blood pulse. |
|
|
What is chronically high blood pressure called?
|
hypertension
|
|
|
Give four common causes of high blood pressure (hypertension).
|
1. excess salt intake
2. stress 3. genetics 4. obesity |
|
|
Another cause of hypertension may be the result of the buildup of plaque (fatty material) within the artery walls. What is this condition called?
|
atherosclerosis
|
|
|
What is the device called that measures blood pressure?
|
sphygmomanometer
|
|
|
The sphygmomanometer compresses what artery in the arm to measure blood pressure?
|
brachial
|
|
|
During the measurement of blood pressure, when blood enters the collapsed artery initially it makes a sound called what pressure?
|
systolic
|
|
|
During the measurement of blood pressure, when blood fully enters the collapsed artery and there is a cessation of sounds, what is this pressure called?
|
diastolic
|
|
|
Which would have the higher reading, systolic or diastolic pressure?
|
systolic
|
|
|
If your blood pressure reading is 122/78. What do the numbers represent?
|
122 is the systolic pressure<br />78 is the diastolic pressure
|
|
|
In reference to the cardiovascular system what does BPM stand for?
|
beats per minute
|
|
|
What is an aneurysm?
|
a bulge in a blood vessel
|
|
|
What effect does high blood pressure have on the endothelial wall of blood vessels?
|
High blood pressure damages the endothelium and makes it easier for plaque to build up causing atherosclerosis.
|
|
|
What is atherosclerosis?
|
hardening of the arteries due to plaque buildup on the interior of blood vessels
|
|
|
What is a thrombus?
|
a large accumulation of material inside a blood vessel.
|
|
|
Why is a thrombus dangerous?
|
If a thrombus breaks loose from the wall of a blood vessel it becomes an embolus (floating mass) that could cause a vessel blockage in the heart causing a heart attack, or a blockage in the brain causing a stroke. High blood pressure can cause a thrombus to break loose.
|
|
|
Which side of the heart receives oxygen-poor blood?
|
right
|
|
|
Which side of the heart receives oxygen-rich blood?
|
left
|
|
|
Each side of the heart has two chambers. Name them.
|
atrium and a ventricle
|
|
|
What is the sac called that surrounds the heart?
|
pericardium
|
|
|
Name the two semilunar valves of the heart.
|
pulmonary semilunar valve
aortic semilunar valve |
|
|
What are the threadlike structures that extend down into the ventricles of the heart called?
|
chordae tendineae
|
|
|
What is the name of the largest artery in the body?
|
aorta
|
|
|
What two veins carry oxygen-poor blood into the right atrium of the heart?
|
superior vena cava (upper body blood)
inferior vena cava (lower body blood) |
|
|
What is the divider called between the chambers of the heart?
|
cardiac septum
|
|
|
What is the pointed part of the heart called that tucks in behind the left lung?
|
apex
|
|
|
Why does the heart need valves?
|
Valves prevent blood from flowing backward.
|
|
|
What are the valves called that connect atria and ventricles?
|
atrioventricular valves
|
|
|
Name the two atrioventricular valves.
|
tricuspid atrioventricular valve<br />bicuspid atrioventricular valve
|
|
|
On which side of the heart is the tricuspid valve?
|
This three-flap valve is found on the right side of the heart.
|
|
|
On which side of the heart is the bicuspid valve?
|
This two-flap valve is found on the left side of the heart.
|
|
|
What happens to blood if you have a prolapsed mitral valve?
|
blood will leak backward through the valve.
|
|
|
What is the cause of a prolapsed valve?
|
It means that some chordae tendineae connected to the papillary muscles that prevent the flaps of the valve from collapsing have broken loose allowing some blood to leak backward during a contraction of the heart muscle.
|
|
|
Name the two semilunar valves.
|
aortic semilunar valve
pulmonary semilunar valve |
|
|
Between which to chambers of the heart do you find the pulmonary semilunar valve?
|
between the right ventricle and the pulmonary circulation
|
|
|
Between which to chambers of the heart do you find the aortic semilunar valve?
|
between the left ventricle and the general circulation
|
|
|
What are the two related circulatory pathways in the body?
|
pulmonary circuit
systemic circuit |
|
|
What type of blood would you find in a pulmonary vein leading back to the heart?
|
oxygen-rich blood coming from the lungs
|
|
|
Contraction of the left ventricle sends blood into what structure?
|
aorta
|
|
|
Where does the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place?
|
capillary beds
|
|
|
What is the hepatic portal system?
|
This is the circulatory pathway that connects the organs of the digestive system and the liver.
|
|
|
What instrument is used to listen to the heart?
|
stethoscope
|
|
|
What medical term is given to sounds in the heart that like swishing or whistling sounds?
|
heart murmurs
|
|
|
What does a heart murmur usually indicate?
|
a leaking value
|
|
|
What is congestive heart failure?
|
This condition is characterized by an enlarged heart as fluid backs up in the lungs. The heart enlarges because it is trying to compensate for less blood volume being pumped per contraction.
|
|
|
One of the possible methods of replacing a damaged heart is called xenotransplantation. What is this?
|
transplanting an animal heart
|
|
|
What is the name of the wall of the heart?
|
myocardium
|
|
|
What is the patch of tissue called in the right atrial wall that acts as a pacemaker to send electrical signals to cause the atria to contract?
|
sinoatrial node (SA node)
|
|
|
The AV node (atrioventricular node) distributes electrical signals throughout the walls of the ventricles to coordinate heart contractions. What are the fibers called that carry these signals to the walls of the ventricles?
|
Purkinje fibers
|
|
|
In what state is the heart muscle during systole and diastole?
|
During systole the heart is contracting and during diastole it is relaxing.
|
|
|
The SA and AV nodes generate electrical signals that can be detected by what medical device?
|
electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
|
|
|
What is an unusual heart rhythm called?
|
arrhythmia
|
|
|
What is one electrical solution to arrhythmia?
|
an artificial pace maker
|
|
|
What is it called when the heart beats chaotically?
|
fibrillation
|
|
|
What is the danger of fibrillation?
|
Atrial fibrillation can lead to blood pooling in the heart and clot formation which could lead to stroke.
|
|
|
What is the drug warfarin used for?
|
thinning the blood
|
|
|
What risk is there in using warfarin?
|
The blood could be thinned too much resulting in severe bleeding.
|
|
|
What is CPR short for?
|
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
|
|
|
What are the medical devices called that are used to restart the heart?
|
defibrillators
|
|
|
What are the arteries called that distribute blood to the heart muscle?
|
coronary arteries
|
|
|
What is another name for a heart attack
|
myocardial infarction
|
|
|
What is angina?
|
chest discomfort during exertion which is a sign of blood flow reduction in the coronary arteries.
|
|
|
What is a coronary stent?
|
A stent is a device which is inserted into the coronary artery to keep it open.
|
