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91 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system
*transports: waste, CO2, 02 etc.
*Regulates: body temp, hormone levels, buffers min.change, stroke volume (amount of blood ejected out) ETC..
Protects: immune system and blood clotting
How much of the heart is toward the left side of the body?
2/3rd
during conception, which week does the heart start beating?
3rd week of development
How many times does your heart beat in an average lifetime?
8 billion times
Deoxygenated blood gets pumped through which part of the heart first?
To Left Atrium, to the Left valve which pumps it to the entire body.
Pulmonary circulation starts at what part of the heart?
*at the right ventricle all the way to the Left Atrium.
Blood flows through what part of the heart First?
*right atrium, to right ventricle
Pulmonary circulation
*source comes from the RA
*arteries are pulmonary and 02 content in arteries are low
*veins are pulmonary and 02 content high
*termination is on the LA
Systemic Circulation
*source is on the LA
*Artery is the aorta and its branches, and the o2 content is high
*Veins are superior and inferior vena cava and their branches, and 02 is low
*termination is the RA
Some Characteristic of the heart?
*intercalated discs
*gap junctions
*collateral circulation
What is the blood supply and oxygen uptake of the heart?
*250 ml of blood during rest/min
*1/20 of cardiac input
*max amount of oxygen that can be extracted is 85% (during exercise or when heart is having problems)
What happens to you heart during exercise?
*Cardiac output increases by 4-5 times
What is the hearts weight relative to body weight?
1/200
What is considered the fuel of the heart?
*fat: primary source of energy, can also be glucose (but lesser extent)
*lactic acid or other fuel that is available
*need o2 because heart id highly aerobic
What does functional syncytium mean?
*heart working as a single unit (all for one, one for all) in order to pump blood.
*parts cannot work as independent units
Frank-starling law
Heart will pump any amount of blood that comes to it. When more blood comes at it, heart will contract more forcefully
How does the heart handle contractions?
* the elasticity of the heart rebounds in greater force than the skeletal muscle
*when it gets stretched it rebounds quickly
What are the cardiac tissue layers?
*epithalial tissues covers the surfaces
*Endocardium (endothelium): inner layer
*Myocardium: middle layer
*epicardium: outer layer
*the middle parts (pericardial cavity and the parietal layer) are lubricated for better slipping etc.
What is considered to be the pace setter of the heart?
The SA(Sinoatrial Node) node
*due to generating AP's the fastest rate and also is the 1st signal
What are the electrical signals at auto-rhythmic cells in the heart? (conducting systems of the heart)
*99% makes up the contractile function (generated by auto-rhythmic cells); produce force.
*1% makes up conducting systems that do not produce force
What do the conducting systems of the heart do (auto-rhythmic) ?
* makes sure electrical impulses are spread through the heart
*speeds up contraction
*all cells of conduction are arhythmic (can produce AP's by there self)
Does the Atria contract before the ventricles?
yes
Inter nodal Pathway?
*makes sure electrical signal is taken so the heart can contract simultaneously
*makes sure signals get to the AV node
*coordinates contraction
Inter atrial pathway...
is between the atria
Does the Left side of the heart contract the same rate as the right side?
yes
What is the average heart rate that the SA node produces?
*70-80 beats per min
Can the pace maker change?
*yes, if the heart gets excited from anxiety,stress, drugs etc. The "pace setter" changes for the AP's that are the fastest rate.
Myologenic?
electrical signals by heart that relies on external stimulation
Term used when the heart is in resting phase?
*diastolic phase
Term used when the heart is in a cardiac cycle phase? (not resting)
*systolic phase
When the atria and the ventricles are relaxed (diastolic phase) how much blood can possibly fill the ventricles?
*70% of ventricles fill possibly without any contraction
(during contraction ventricle pushes 30% more blood)
During Atria contractions, how much blood gets filled up?
*30% more blood gets pushed, and NEVER will fill whole ventricle
ECG
*electrode attached to wrist and arm which measures the electrical current going through your body, and is measured on the surface of your skin
What is the AP duration of a cardiac cell?
*1/4 a second (250 milla seconds.)
In a ECG (QRS) There are 2 electrical events that take place...
1) repolarization of atria
2) depolarization of ventricles
During the T-wave in the ECG, what electrical even happens?
repolarization of the ventricles
During the P-wave in the ECG, what even t takes place?
depolarization of the atria
What is the resting membrane potential in atrial cells?
-90
When does Atrial Contraction happen in the ECG? (systolic phase)
*P-QRS
When does the systolic phase of the ventricles happen in the ECG?
*QRS-T
When is the diastolic phase of the entire heart (ECG)?
T-P
When is the diastolic phase of the ventricles in ECG?
T-QRS
What is the normal discharge rate for the AV node?
40-60/min
What is the normal discharge rate for spontaneous discharge (bundle of His) ?
*35/min
What is the normal discharge rate for Purkinje Fibers?
30/min
What are the three factors for spontaneous depolarization (auto-arhythmic)?
1) Na+ ion comes into cell
2) K+ permeability lowers (hyperpolarization; cell becomes +ive)
3) Ca++ ions also come into the cell
What happens to heart rate during parasympathetic phase?
*heart rate decreases
*Na+ increases in permeability; hyperpolarization
`What happens to heart rate during sympathetic phase?
*HR increases (releasing adrenalin)
*permeability of Na+ decreases
In contractile cells depolarization and the threshold are where?
*depolarization begins at - 60
*threshold is at - 40
What ion is responsible for the plateau affect in contractile cells?
*Ca++ ions slowly comes into cell allowing AP's to become prolonged
Why is it important to prolong the AP's for contractile cells?
*ensures that cardiac cell only generate twitches.
*produces refractory periods which omits wave summation or tetnus from happening
Myocardial cells have RMP of what in mV?
*-90 mV
Depolarization to threshold by AP's originating in what node?
*SA node
Is contraction time of a twitch the same amount of time as an AP?
*yes 1/4 of a second to be exact (250 mill.sec)
Latent Pace makers?
*All other arhythmic cells can become latent pace makers except SA node
*when SA fails, latent pace maker takes over (usually AV node).
Tachycardia
*an abnormality in heart beat
*hear rate beats more than 100 times per min
Bradycardia
*an abnormality in heart beat
*when the heart rate is beating below 60 per min
Arrhythmia
*an abnormality in heart beat
*irregular heartbeat (without the normal rhythm
Ectopic focus
An abnormally excitable area
(something either than SA node beating the pace maker ; the slower engine picking up speed than surpassing the SA node ( which once was fastest).
Premature beat (extrasystole)
*from ectopic focus
*frequently responds in response to anxiety, lack of sleep, excess caffeine , nicotine, or alcohol consumption.
When does a complete heart block occur?
*usually AP's are not transmitted through AV node due to malfunction.
*when the conducting tissues between the atria and ventricle is damaged and becomes nonfunctional
What is the first sound that the heart makes?
*Lub; closure of AV valves (bi/tricuspid)
What makes the second sound of the heart?
*Dub; closure of the semilunar valve
How do you calculate cardiac output?
* CO (Q) = HR (heart rate) times SV (stroke volume)
What is cardiac reserve?
*how much cardiac output you can increase above resting CO.
Example: 25L - 5L= 20L cardiac reserve
How do you calculate Blood pressure?
BP= CO times Peripheral resistance (resistance to blood flow, hinderance)
What is the average amount of blood pumped into the heart per min during resting cardiac output?
*5L
What is the average amount of blood pumped into the heart per min for an average world class athlete?
*40 L
What is the average amount of blood pumped into the heart per min for an average person working out?
*20-25L
how much volume can you increase going into the heart per min when you work out?
*about 1/2 L
How does the sympathetic N.S affect HR?
*increases BP, CO, and HR with the use of epinephrine and norepinephrine
How does the parasympathetic N. S affect HR?
*HR, CO, and BP decreases (actelcholine releases)
How does Stress affect HR?
*stress activates sympathetic N.S which increases BP,CO, and HR
Peripheral resistance?
*is based on restriction of blood vessels (become narrower; constricts)
What is the term used when blood vessels become wider or narrower?
*narrower= constriction
*wider= dilation
Is the diameter of blood vessels static or dynamic?
*dynamic
What percentage of blood goes in our veins?
*60-70%
when there is extra blood that is constricted by the blood vessels, where does it go?
*the heart of course!
What is the equation of Systolic Volume?
SV= EDV - ESV
(End diastolic volume - End systolic volume)
Ex) 70mL= 135mL-65mL
What is ESV?
*End Systolic volume
*end of contraction force
*blood remaining in the ventricle after its been contracted
What is EVD?
*End diastolic Volume
*volume of blood at the end of diastolic phase of the ventricle (just before it contracts; filling the ventricles)
Venous return?
narrows veins so extra blood gets pushed into heart
During stroke volume, what happens to the blood?
*40% blood remains in the ventricles
*60% of increasing volume is sympathetically ejected
When the blood is returning to the heart (by the greater venous return), what is it done by?
*by the Bainbridge (atrial) reflex; both atrium
What hormone is the single most important for resting metabolic rate?
*thyroid hormones
Ex) fever increases= increase in HR, CO, and BP
What does Nicotine and Caffeine do to your HR?
*increases HR, BP, and metabolic rate
WHen you get older, what happens to your heart rate?
*HR decreases
The bigger the person, the slower the hear rate?
True
Ex) ave heart beat of an elephant per min = 25 beats/min
Biological rate doubles after the temperature increases by what?
*10 degrees
Factors affecting SV?
*sympathetic N.S
* EDV (anything that affects this= increase in BP and CO)
What is the pressure gradient of blood?
*blood goes from high to low pressure