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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cardiovascular system
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Closed system made up of the heart and the blood vessels.
Functions are to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the body and to remove carbon dioxide and other waste products from the cells and body |
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Heart
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Contracts to pump blood through the body
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Blood vessels
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Create a closed loop within the body to circulate blood
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Anatomy of the heart
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Hollow cone shaped, muscular organ within the thoracic cavity.
Average size of adult is 14 centimeters long by 9 centimeters wide. Located and the mediastinum region of the thoracic cavity and lies under the sternum. Tip or apex extends to the 5th intercostal space of the thoracic cage and tilts toward the left side of the body. |
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Fibrous pericardium
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Serous membrane of the heart
Outer layer made up of tough connective tissues |
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parietal pericardium
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Serous membrane of the heart
Middle layer that lines the fibrous pericardium |
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visceral pericardium/epicardium
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Serous membrane of the heart
Layer that covers the heart. At the base it falls back to form the parietal pericardium |
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Pericardial cavity
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Space is filled with serous fluid to provide lubrication to prevent the serous membranes from sticking
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Epi Cardium
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Walls of the heart
Outermost layer consisting of connective tissue blood and lymph capillaries |
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Myocardium
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Walls of the heart
Middle layer consisting of cardiac muscles ; thickest layer |
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Endocardium
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Walls of the heart
Innermost layer consisting of connective tissue and is continuous with the endothelium lining of the blood vessels. |
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purkinje fiber
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Specialized cardiac muscles that act as nerve fibers to send impulses to the cardiac muscles.
Contained in the endocardium |
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Heart chambers
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Right and left side of the heart act as separate pumps but contract in unison
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Superior atria - 2
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Receives blood returning to the heart
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Right atrium
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contains the sinoatrical node (SA Node) and the atrioventricular node (AV Node). Set pace of the heart cycle and transmit nerve impulses throughout the heart.
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Inferior ventricles - 2
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Pumps blood to the body and lungs.
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Papillary muscles
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Group of cardiac muscles that will contract- when the ventricles contract. Help to prevent backflow of blood into the atria. Contained in the inferior ventricle
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Interatrial septum
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Divide the atrium to right and left
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Interventricular septum
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Divides the ventricles to right and left
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2 atrioventricular valves -AV valves
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attach to chordea tendinae, fibrous strings attached to the cust of the as the valves to prevent backflow of the blood
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Tricuspid valve
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Right AV valve/atrioventricular
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Bicuspid mitral valve
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Left AV valve/ atrioventricular
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Semilunar valve
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Leads from the ventricles to the body or lungs
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Pulmonary valve
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Leads to the pulmonary trunk to lungs
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aortic valve
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Leads to the aorta to feed heart and body
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Skeleton of the heart
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Mass of dense connective tissue that surround the heart valves to provide a rigid perimeter to ensure proper opening and closing of the valves
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Coronary arteries
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First branches of the aorta that carry blood to the heart. Further branching provides alternate have to feed the heart if a branch become blocked
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Cardiac veins
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Drain blood from the heart muscles and carry it to the coronary sinus which empties into the right atrium
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Atrial systole
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Atria contracting in unison while ventricles relax/ventricular diastole
Heart action |
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Ventricular systole
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Ventricles contracting in unison while the atria relax / atrial diastole
Heart actions |
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Diastole
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Brief moment when the entire heart relaxes
Heart action |
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lubb
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Ventricular contraction and av valves close
Heart sound |
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Heart sound
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Caused by vibrations in the tissues when blood velocity changes within the heart
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dupp
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Ventricular relaxation and semilunar valves close
Heart sound |
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Cardiac conduction system
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Consists of specialized cardiac muscles that conduct impulses throughout the myocardium
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syncytium
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Mass of merging fibers that act as a unit
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atrial syncytium
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Will regulate the atria while ventricular syncytium lil regulate the activities of the ventricles
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S. A node
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Innervated with the sympathetic and parasympathetic division
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Sympathetic division
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Speed up the heart rate
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Parasympathetic division
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Slows down the heart rate
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Cardiac control center of the medulla oblongata
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Controls the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system
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Baroreceptor
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In the blood vessels which detect changes in the blood pressure and send an impulse to the CNS to provide information to maintain homeostasis
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Hypothalamus
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Gather information from the CNS and the ion concentrations in the cerebral spinal fluid to aid in the regulation of the cardiac cycle. Can send releasing hormones to activate the endocrine system and the endocrine glands
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Concentration of certain ions that influence the cardiac cycle
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1. Increase in potassium will decrease heart rate and force contraction
2. Decrease in potassium will result in an abnormal heart rate and rhythm 3. Increase in calcium will increase heart actions and increase the time of the chambers contracting 4. Decrease in calcium will decrease the heart actions |
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Tunica interna
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Innermost wall of the blood vessels that forms the boundaries of the lumen of the blood vessels
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Tunica media
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Middle wall of the blood vessels consisting of smooth muscles
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Tunica externa
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Outermost wall of the blood vessels consisting of connective tissue
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Vasoconstrict
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Blood vessels constrict
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Vasodilate
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Blood vessels dilate
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Arteries
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Strong and elastic vessels carrying high pressure blood thick tunica media
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arterioles
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Branches of the arteries, smaller, lead to capillaries
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Capillaries
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Smallest vessels, one cell thick with endothelium only, exchange site.
Substances are exchanged between the blood and tissue cells here |
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Precapillary sphincters
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Help regulate the amount of blood entering the capillary bed. Controlled by oxygen concentration. Generally open to allow full flow of blood to the tissue region. If oxygen levels are low they will close to reroute the blood
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Hydrostatic pressure
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Dr fluid and small molecules out of the capillaries at the atrial end.
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Rising osmotic pressure
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Inside the blood vessel causes tissue fluid to return to bloodstream at the venule end
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venules
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Lead from capillaries to form veins
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Veins
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Possess flop like valve to prevent backflow
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Thin tunica media
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Carry low pressure blood
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Blood reservoir
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Sympathetic division cannot regulate the amount of blood loss for instance in a hemorrhage. Sympathetic division can direct the veins to vasoconstrict to maintain blood pressure and return the blood back to the heart
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Blood pressure
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Force of blood against the atrial walls
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Pulse
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Surge of blood with each ventricular contraction at certain points of the body
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Heart action - cardiac output
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Amount of blood discharged per minute
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Heart rate
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Beats per minute
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Stroke volume
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Amount of blood the ventricles discharge with each heartbeat
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Blood volume
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Amount of blood based on size age and gender of the individual
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Peripheral resistance
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Friction between the blood and the wall of the blood vessels
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Blood viscosity
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Thickness of the blood
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Blood pressure
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Cardiac output x peripheral resistance
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Fluctuations of cardiac output
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Emotional upset. Exercise. Temperature
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Fluctuations of peripheral resistance
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The smaller the lumen the more friction between the blood and the wall of the blood vessels.
Carbon dioxide. Oxygen. Hydrogen ions |
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Skeletal muscle contraction
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Forces the valves to open and close to direct blood
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Breathing
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Can influence the rate at which blood returns to the heart
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Vasoconstriction or vaso dilation of the veins
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Can influence blood flow through the veins
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Pulmonary circuit
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Include the vessels carry blood to and from the lungs and heart. Consists of the pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries lungs alveolar capillaries and pulmonary veins
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Systemic circuit
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Includes the vessels carrying blood to and from the heart and the rest of the body. Consists of the aorta and its branches leading to the body tissues and the venous systems returning the blood from the body to the heart
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Arterial system
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Delivers oxygenated blood to supply the body with oxygen and nutrients for metabolism and work. Arteries are named based on the region that they supply blood
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ascending aorta
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Branches into coronary arteries to feed the heart
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aortic arch
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Arteries to feed the head and upper limbs
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Descending aorta - thoracic aorta
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Gives rise to arteries of the thoracic region
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Abdominal aorta
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Gives rise to arteries of the upper digestive tract and lower limbs
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Circle of Willis
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Alternate pathways through which blood can reach the brain. The anterior and posterior cerebral arteries connect to the internal carotid arteries to form a loop around the base of the brain to ensure nutrients and blood to arrive and feed the brain
Unique feature of the arterial system |
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Hepatic portal circulation
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Veins carry blood from the abdominal region to the liver in order to filter and detoxify blood, absorb nutrients, phagocytize bacteria. Hepatic vein drains the liver and enters the inferior vena cava.
Unique feature of the venous system |