• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/82

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

82 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Cardiovascular system
Closed system made up of the heart and the blood vessels.
Functions are to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the body and to remove carbon dioxide and other waste products from the cells and body
Heart
Contracts to pump blood through the body
Blood vessels
Create a closed loop within the body to circulate blood
Anatomy of the heart
Hollow cone shaped, muscular organ within the thoracic cavity.
Average size of adult is 14 centimeters long by 9 centimeters wide.
Located and the mediastinum region of the thoracic cavity and lies under the sternum.
Tip or apex extends to the 5th intercostal space of the thoracic cage and tilts toward the left side of the body.
Fibrous pericardium
Serous membrane of the heart
Outer layer made up of tough connective tissues
parietal pericardium
Serous membrane of the heart
Middle layer that lines the fibrous pericardium
visceral pericardium/epicardium
Serous membrane of the heart
Layer that covers the heart. At the base it falls back to form the parietal pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Space is filled with serous fluid to provide lubrication to prevent the serous membranes from sticking
Epi Cardium
Walls of the heart
Outermost layer consisting of connective tissue blood and lymph capillaries
Myocardium
Walls of the heart
Middle layer consisting of cardiac muscles ; thickest layer
Endocardium
Walls of the heart
Innermost layer consisting of connective tissue and is continuous with the endothelium lining of the blood vessels.
purkinje fiber
Specialized cardiac muscles that act as nerve fibers to send impulses to the cardiac muscles.
Contained in the endocardium
Heart chambers
Right and left side of the heart act as separate pumps but contract in unison
Superior atria - 2
Receives blood returning to the heart
Right atrium
contains the sinoatrical node (SA Node) and the atrioventricular node (AV Node). Set pace of the heart cycle and transmit nerve impulses throughout the heart.
Inferior ventricles - 2
Pumps blood to the body and lungs.
Papillary muscles
Group of cardiac muscles that will contract- when the ventricles contract. Help to prevent backflow of blood into the atria. Contained in the inferior ventricle
Interatrial septum
Divide the atrium to right and left
Interventricular septum
Divides the ventricles to right and left
2 atrioventricular valves -AV valves
attach to chordea tendinae, fibrous strings attached to the cust of the as the valves to prevent backflow of the blood
Tricuspid valve
Right AV valve/atrioventricular
Bicuspid mitral valve
Left AV valve/ atrioventricular
Semilunar valve
Leads from the ventricles to the body or lungs
Pulmonary valve
Leads to the pulmonary trunk to lungs
aortic valve
Leads to the aorta to feed heart and body
Skeleton of the heart
Mass of dense connective tissue that surround the heart valves to provide a rigid perimeter to ensure proper opening and closing of the valves
Coronary arteries
First branches of the aorta that carry blood to the heart. Further branching provides alternate have to feed the heart if a branch become blocked
Cardiac veins
Drain blood from the heart muscles and carry it to the coronary sinus which empties into the right atrium
Atrial systole
Atria contracting in unison while ventricles relax/ventricular diastole
Heart action
Ventricular systole
Ventricles contracting in unison while the atria relax / atrial diastole
Heart actions
Diastole
Brief moment when the entire heart relaxes
Heart action
lubb
Ventricular contraction and av valves close
Heart sound
Heart sound
Caused by vibrations in the tissues when blood velocity changes within the heart
dupp
Ventricular relaxation and semilunar valves close
Heart sound
Cardiac conduction system
Consists of specialized cardiac muscles that conduct impulses throughout the myocardium
syncytium
Mass of merging fibers that act as a unit
atrial syncytium
Will regulate the atria while ventricular syncytium lil regulate the activities of the ventricles
S. A node
Innervated with the sympathetic and parasympathetic division
Sympathetic division
Speed up the heart rate
Parasympathetic division
Slows down the heart rate
Cardiac control center of the medulla oblongata
Controls the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system
Baroreceptor
In the blood vessels which detect changes in the blood pressure and send an impulse to the CNS to provide information to maintain homeostasis
Hypothalamus
Gather information from the CNS and the ion concentrations in the cerebral spinal fluid to aid in the regulation of the cardiac cycle. Can send releasing hormones to activate the endocrine system and the endocrine glands
Concentration of certain ions that influence the cardiac cycle
1. Increase in potassium will decrease heart rate and force contraction
2. Decrease in potassium will result in an abnormal heart rate and rhythm
3. Increase in calcium will increase heart actions and increase the time of the chambers contracting
4. Decrease in calcium will decrease the heart actions
Tunica interna
Innermost wall of the blood vessels that forms the boundaries of the lumen of the blood vessels
Tunica media
Middle wall of the blood vessels consisting of smooth muscles
Tunica externa
Outermost wall of the blood vessels consisting of connective tissue
Vasoconstrict
Blood vessels constrict
Vasodilate
Blood vessels dilate
Arteries
Strong and elastic vessels carrying high pressure blood thick tunica media
arterioles
Branches of the arteries, smaller, lead to capillaries
Capillaries
Smallest vessels, one cell thick with endothelium only, exchange site.
Substances are exchanged between the blood and tissue cells here
Precapillary sphincters
Help regulate the amount of blood entering the capillary bed. Controlled by oxygen concentration. Generally open to allow full flow of blood to the tissue region. If oxygen levels are low they will close to reroute the blood
Hydrostatic pressure
Dr fluid and small molecules out of the capillaries at the atrial end.
Rising osmotic pressure
Inside the blood vessel causes tissue fluid to return to bloodstream at the venule end
venules
Lead from capillaries to form veins
Veins
Possess flop like valve to prevent backflow
Thin tunica media
Carry low pressure blood
Blood reservoir
Sympathetic division cannot regulate the amount of blood loss for instance in a hemorrhage. Sympathetic division can direct the veins to vasoconstrict to maintain blood pressure and return the blood back to the heart
Blood pressure
Force of blood against the atrial walls
Pulse
Surge of blood with each ventricular contraction at certain points of the body
Heart action - cardiac output
Amount of blood discharged per minute
Heart rate
Beats per minute
Stroke volume
Amount of blood the ventricles discharge with each heartbeat
Blood volume
Amount of blood based on size age and gender of the individual
Peripheral resistance
Friction between the blood and the wall of the blood vessels
Blood viscosity
Thickness of the blood
Blood pressure
Cardiac output x peripheral resistance
Fluctuations of cardiac output
Emotional upset. Exercise. Temperature
Fluctuations of peripheral resistance
The smaller the lumen the more friction between the blood and the wall of the blood vessels.
Carbon dioxide. Oxygen. Hydrogen ions
Skeletal muscle contraction
Forces the valves to open and close to direct blood
Breathing
Can influence the rate at which blood returns to the heart
Vasoconstriction or vaso dilation of the veins
Can influence blood flow through the veins
Pulmonary circuit
Include the vessels carry blood to and from the lungs and heart. Consists of the pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries lungs alveolar capillaries and pulmonary veins
Systemic circuit
Includes the vessels carrying blood to and from the heart and the rest of the body. Consists of the aorta and its branches leading to the body tissues and the venous systems returning the blood from the body to the heart
Arterial system
Delivers oxygenated blood to supply the body with oxygen and nutrients for metabolism and work. Arteries are named based on the region that they supply blood
ascending aorta
Branches into coronary arteries to feed the heart
aortic arch
Arteries to feed the head and upper limbs
Descending aorta - thoracic aorta
Gives rise to arteries of the thoracic region
Abdominal aorta
Gives rise to arteries of the upper digestive tract and lower limbs
Circle of Willis
Alternate pathways through which blood can reach the brain. The anterior and posterior cerebral arteries connect to the internal carotid arteries to form a loop around the base of the brain to ensure nutrients and blood to arrive and feed the brain

Unique feature of the arterial system
Hepatic portal circulation
Veins carry blood from the abdominal region to the liver in order to filter and detoxify blood, absorb nutrients, phagocytize bacteria. Hepatic vein drains the liver and enters the inferior vena cava.

Unique feature of the venous system