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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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primary function of erythrocytes
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transport respiratory gases
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2 gases transported by erythrocytes
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oxygen and carbon dioxide
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IRON OF THE HEME + O2...BRIGHT RED
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oxyhemoglobin
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alpha and beta chains of hemobglobin + carbon dioxide
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carbaminohemoglobin
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heme without oxygen..dark red
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deoxyhemoglobin
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RBCs of an embryo or fetus contain different form of hemoglobin known as what?
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fetal hemoglobin
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drugs that stimulate production of fetal hemoglobin administered to adults, individuals with sickle-cell anemia, and thalassemia
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Hydroxdyurea or Butyrate
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complete cells with nucleus and organelles
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leucocytes
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how do leukocytes move?
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by amoeboid motion
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leukocytes slip out of capillaries through a process called
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emigration or diapedesis
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when activated, leukocytes adhere to vessel walls in a process called?
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margination
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attraction to specific chemical stimuli which guides the cells to invading pathogens, damaged tissues and other active WBCs
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positive chemotaxis
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what leukocytes are capable of phagocytosis?
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monocytes,eosinophils, and neutrophils [MEN]
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sometimes called microphages
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neutrophils and eosinophils
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macrophages are monocytes that have done what
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moved out of the bloodstream and have become actively phagocytic
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life span of leukocytes
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decades
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type of leukocytes are based on what
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appearance after staining
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what are 2 type of leukocytes
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granulocytes and agranulocytes
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three granulocytes
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basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils [BEN]
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sac-like structures that absorb stain; vessicles and lysozymes
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granules
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half of the WBCs
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neutrohils
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sometimes called polymorpho nuclear
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neutrophils
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how many lobes in neutrophils
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2-5
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neutrophiles are highly mobile and generally first to do what
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arrive at site of injury
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cytoplasmic granules stained quite well with Wright's stain
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granulocytes
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our body's bacterial slayers
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neutrophils
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increase capillary permeability which partly explains local inflammation and restricting the spread of injury and infection
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prostaglandins
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while actively engaged in attacking bacteria, a neutrophil releases what?
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prostaglandins and leukotrienes
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hormones that attract phagocytes and help coordinate the immune system
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LEUKOTRIENES
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granules stain darkly with eosin and acidophils
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eosinophils
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bilobed leucocyte, about the size of neutrophil, that attacks objects coatd with antibodies
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eosinophils
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antibody complexes involved in allergies by phagocytosis that are destroyed by eosinophils
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antigen
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rarest WBC
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basophils
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have numerous granules that stain darkly with various dyes; typically u or s shaped nucleus
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basophils
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inflammatory chemicals that act as vasodilator and attract other WBCs to the inflamed site
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histamine
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anticoagulant
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heparin
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few if any stained granulocytes
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agranulocytes
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2nd most numerous WBC
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lymphocytes
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spherical nucleus that occupies most of the cell's volume
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lymphocytes
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fetal debelopment of bone marrow releases stem cells into blood and some colonize at thymus...what stimulates them to mature?
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thymosin
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thymus dependent phagocytes against virus-infected cells and tumor cells
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T-lymphocytes
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what are t-lymphocytes responsible for?
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cell-mediated immunity
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give rise to plasma cells that produce antibodies
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b lymphocytes
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responsible for humoral immunity and production of antibodies
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b lymphocytes
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cells responsible for immune surveillance, destruction of abnormal tissue cells, and important in prevention of cancer
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natural killer cells
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largest WBC, u-shaped nucleus
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monocyte
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crucial in defense from viruses and certain bacteria
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monocyte
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active phgagocytes with chronic infections such as TB
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monocytes
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when monocytes leave the blood vessels, they become what
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macrophages
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produce cytoxic compounds made by natural killer cells to kill normal cells
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perforins
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active macrophages secrete substances that ?
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attract and stimulate neutrophils, monocytes, and other phagocytic cells
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most WBCs are in ?
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connective tissue proper or organs of lymphatic system
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indicates inadequate number of WBCs
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leukopenia
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refers to excessive WBCs
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leukocytosis
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WBCs not only protect against foreign matter, they also what?
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protect us from damaged tissues
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fragments of megakaryocytes
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platelets
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what are megakaryocytes
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framents of giant cells
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plateslets serve as what for other vertebrates other than mammals
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thrombocytes
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abnormally low platelet count
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thrombocytopenia
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platelet counts that may exceed 1,000,000/microliter
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thrombocytosis
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2 main functions of platelets
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close breaks in vessels and release serotonin
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how do platelets close damaged vessels
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stick to the broken surfaces
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serotonin is released in the presence of what?
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broken surfaces
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what does serotonin do
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it's a chemical that causes contraction of vessels
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chemical that causes contraction of vessels
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serotonin
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what is vital when blood vessels are damaged
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hemostasis
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stoppage of bleeding
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hemostasis
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3 phases of hemostasis
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vascular phase, platelet phase coagulation phase
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in which phase is serotonin produced
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platelet phase
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what happens in the vascular phase
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in response to injury, there is a vascular spasm that constricts vessel
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what happens in the platelet phase
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within 15 sec. of injury, there is platelet adhesion, platelet aggregation, and release of serotonin
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what's platelet adhesion
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platelets adhere to broken surface of vessel, granules breakdown, and ADP like chemicals are released
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what does release of ADP in platelet adhesion do
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attracts more platelet
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what's platelet aggregation
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a "platelet plug"; platelets sticking together
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what does Thromboxane do
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promotes platelet aggregation
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serotonin is produced by platelets serves what function
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stimulates smooth muscle contraction at injury site
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purpose of serotonin as neurotransmitter
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affects emotion and attention
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serotonin's effect if low concentration
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depression
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what happens in the coagulation phase; when does it happen
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blod transforms from liquid to gel 30 sec. or more after damage
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factors that promote coagulation
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procoagulants
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what does the procoagulant reaction depend on
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presence of Ca++ acting as enzymes
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factors that inhibit coagulation
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anticoagulants
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stoppage of bleeding vitally important when blood vessels are damaged
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hemostasis
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3 phases of hemostasis
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vascular, platelet, coagulation
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what are 3 events of platelet phase
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platelet adhesion, platelet aggregation, and serotonin production
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