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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 2 usual defense mechanisms of the cardiovasc system?
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1. Humoral immunity
2. Cellular immunity |
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What is the presence of bacteria in blood called?
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Bacteremia
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What should be the interpretation of bacteria in blood?
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-Maybe transient
-May be indicative of a disease elsewhere in the body. |
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What is Septicemia?
What usually causes it? |
The presence of bacteria or their products causing harm to the host.
-Usually from GNB endotoxin. |
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What symptoms result in septicemia?
What 3 conditions is septicemia usually secondary to? |
Fever, decreased bp, confusion, and shock.
-UTI, lung, or wound infection. |
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What are the 4 types of cardiovasc infections usually presenting with a blood spec?
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1. Bacteremia
2. Septicemia 3. Endocarditis 4. Myocarditis. |
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What IS endocarditis
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bacterial colonization of the heart valves.
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What are the types of endocarditis, and what charactizes them?
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Subacute - normal flora cause it, when spilled into the blood.
Acute - Pathogenic organisms traveled here from an infection elsewhere. |
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What factors predispose one to endocarditis?
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1. Damaged heart valves from rheumatic fever or congenital.
2. Prosthetic heart valves. |
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What are symptoms of endocarditis?
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Fever, angina, heart murmur, blood clots and petechiae.
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What is myocarditis?
What is the most common cause? How is it diagnosed? |
Infection of heart muscle; cause is often Coxsackievirus.
-Diagnosed clinically. |
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What type of schedule has to be followed for blood collections?
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-If transient bacteremia, determine fever pattern and draw 30-45 min before next spike.
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How should blood be collected?
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2-3 times over a day; can draw 2 sets from 2 different sites on a patient.
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What is the procedure for blood specimen collection?
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1. Prep the skin with 70% alcohol and tincture of iodine.
2. Avoid skin contaminants. |
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How much blood needs to be collected, and why?
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40 mL - to allow for higher concentration in the blood culture bottles, AND need to inoculate 2 dfnt broth types.
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What does the broth for a blood culture bottle contain?
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SPS anticoagulant - Sodium polyanethol sulfonate; to prevent bugs from getting trapped in clots.
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How are blood culture bottles analysed?
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1. Examination macroscopic (old)
2. Blind subculture concept 3. Automated systems 4. Identification |
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What are 3 types of automated blood culture systems?
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1. Isolator - centrifuges to conc. blood/inoculates a plate.
2. Septi-Chek - has solid media and broth components. 3. Signal System - detects CO2 release |
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What is the blind subculture concept?
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Just inoculating a plate from the blood culture bottle to see if anything grows - can often have contamination though.
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What are blood culture automated detection systems for?
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ONLY for detection of growth - not for identification!
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What are 3 types of Automated Blood culture detection systems?
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1. Bactec
2. BactT/Alert 3. ESP |
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What is the Bactec principle?
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Fluorescence detection and laser detection - if growth, CO2 diffuses and flouresces/signals growth.
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What is the BacT/Alert principle?
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Colorimetric CO2 detection - pH changes to acidic in CO2, causes a color change.
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What is the ESP principle?
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Detection of a change in head space pressure above the broth - not only CO2, but any gas.
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How long should a blood culture be incubated before calling neg normally? If endocarditis?
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Normal: 5-7 days.
Endocarditis: 2 weeks. |
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What microorganisms take more than 5 days to grow?
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HACEK group
Legionella Bartonella/Rochilamea Histoplasma Aspergillus |
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What is the HACEK group?
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Haemophilus
Actinomyces Cardiobacterium hominis Eikenella corrodens Kingella |
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What is normal flora in the cardiovascular system?
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NOTHING.
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What is pathogenic in the Cardiovasc system?
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Anything.
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