Cardiovascular System 2

Front 1

Fluids found inside cells is called .....

Back 1

Intracellular fluid or cytoplasm

Front 2

If this fluid is found inside the blood vessels or heart it's called ..... There is another place to find fluid however. If it's not in a cell and it's not in a blood vessel it's called ...... This is the fluid that surrounds all cells.

Back 2

blood,Interstitial fluid

Front 3

Plasma is mostly water and anything small enough to remain dissolved in the water. This includes proteins like:

.... - Helps regulate osmotic pressure in the blood to keep fluid in the blood vessels.
..... - An example includes antibodies, which are proteins involved in fighting infections.
... -Important for proper blood clotting mechanisms.

Back 3

Albumin,Globins, Fibrinogen

Front 4

..... are not really cells but are fairly large pieces of cell membrane. These are involved in blood clotting mechanisms.

Back 4

Platelets

Front 5

.... or Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Back 5

Erythrocytes

Front 6

...... are White blood cells. These are part of the Immune system and fight infection. They include:
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
Lymphocytes (T-cells and B-cells)
Monocytes (macrophages)

Back 6

Leukocytes

Front 7

.... is the formation of blood cells, both Red and White blood cells.

Back 7

Hemopoesis

Front 8

A stem cell called a ....... divides and the cells can differentiate into all of the different kinds of blood cells.

Back 8

pluripotent hematopoetic stem cell

Front 9

A red blood cell is really just a cell membrane filled with 300 million gas carrying proteins called ......

Back 9

Hemoglobin

Front 10

...... is the formation of Red blood cells. E

Back 10

Erythropoesis

Front 11

To prevent anemia the Kidney releases a hormone called ..... which affects immature RBC's and causes them to speed up the maturation process. One such immature cell is the .....which is a precursor RBC that takes 2 days to mature.

Back 11

Erythropoetin,Reticulocyte

Front 12

The protein is called .....when oxygen is attached to the iron. This gives the oxygenated blood a red color. Sometimes the hemoglobin molecules carry CO2 in which case it's called......

Back 12

oxyhemoglobin , carbaminohemoglobin.

Front 13

...... is a measure of the percentage of Red Blood Cells in blood.

Back 13

Hematocrit

Front 14

Blood doping is a form of ...... where someone removes blood from their arm and stores it for future use.

Back 14

induced polycythemia

Front 15

...... is a reduction in the O2 carrying capacity of the blood

Back 15

Anemia

Front 16

A person's blood type is based on ...... found on Red Blood Cell

Back 16

surface markers

Front 17

Immune system proteins called .... are produced that specifically attack unknown markers.

Back 17

antibodies

Front 18

Granular leukocytes have a lumpy looking nucleus and are thus called .......These cells perform ...... functions where they ingest and destroy foreign material like bacteria and viruses. They are also involved in allergic reactions. The three granular leukocytes are: .....

Back 18

polymorphonuclear leukocytes (or PMN's) ,Phagocytic,Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils.

Front 19

(Agranular leukocytes)...... include both T cells and B cells

Back 19

Lymphocytes

Front 20

(Agranular leukocytes)......are macrophages which often circulate through tissues detecting and destroying foreign cells. Sometimes these are fixed macrophages and stay localized in specific organs without moving through the bloodstream

Back 20

Monocytes

Front 21

...... is a process where chemicals attract WBC's to sites of damage, like a cut in the skin.

Back 21

Chemotaxis

Front 22

......is a process where the cells traveling towards an injury site in the bloodstream actually squeeze out of and leave blood vessels to get to the precise damaged site.

Back 22

Diapedisis

Front 23

...... is done by both neutrophils and macrophages. This is a specialized form of endocytosis where a foreign cell is internalized in the macrophage and digesting substances like lysozyme, oxidants and degredative enzymes are mixed in to completely destroy the foreign material.

Back 23

Phagocytosis

Front 24

...... are formed by a cell called a ...... and are really just small pieces of plasma membrane. They contain granules filled with chemicals that stimulate the process of clotting and repair in damaged blood vessels.

Back 24

Platelets,megakaryoblast

Front 25

There are two pathways that stimulate blood clotting, the ...... and ..... pathways. The pathways differ in the way the whole process gets started but both cause the formation and activation of a protein called ..... This protein is activated to become the enzyme Thrombin.

Back 25

Intrinsic,Extrinsic ,Prothrombin.

Front 26

......acts on a blood protein called fibrinogen and converts it to fibrin. The newly formed ..... are long filaments that act as a plug to stop bleeding. The fibrin forms a weave around the platelets and constructs a more permanent clot.

Back 26

Thrombin ,fibrin proteins

Front 27

The inner lining of all blood vessels is made of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium called .....

Back 27

Endothelium.

Front 28

.....: Dehydration or polycthemia can increase the viscosity of the blood making it harder to pump.

Back 28

Blood viscosity

Front 29

......: The longer the distance, the harder it is to push fluids. Normally this doesn't change much in the blood vessels. Even though a child has a shorter vascular system, the heart is also proportionally smaller. However if a person adds too many pounds of weight, either muscle or fat, an additional 200 miles of blood vessels are needed per extra pound. Obviously this can increase resistance and thus blood pressure in overweight individuals.

Back 29

Blood vessel length

Front 30

.......: This is a major factor in determining resistance in blood vessels. When fluids travel through a pipe, there is an interaction between the liquids and the wall of the container. Friction forces tend to slow the liquid. The same is true for air in a straw. The smaller the pipe, the higher the resistance. This is easily demonstrated by trying to breathe through a straw. It's possible but harder than normal. If you switch to a very small straw like one used to stir coffee, it's nearly impossible to take a breath.

Back 30

Blood vessel diameter

Front 31

There are sensors in the Aorta called ...... that gauge the amount of stretching of that major artery

Back 31

Baroreceptors

Front 32

The ....... of the brain sends signals that regulate the diameter of the blood vesse

Back 32

Vasomotor Center

Front 33

......, also located in the aorta detect high levels of CO2

Back 33

Chemoreceptors

Front 34

....... can be caused by poor diet, lack of blood proteins or anemia. Acute cases can lead to circulatory shock which can easily lead to death.

Back 34

Chronic hypotension

Front 35

......is a rapid drop in blood pressure due to sudden body changes that cause blood to pool in extremities, especially the legs. When someone is lying down, perhaps asleep, blood pressure does not need to be very high. The heart does not have to pump blood uphill to the brain. Also venous return is easy as the blood does not have to fight gravity to return to the heart. As a result, the blood vessels are quite vasodilated

Back 35

Orthostatic hypotension

Front 36

An ...... is a weakened portion of a blood vessel. If pressure gets too high the vessel can literally burst causing massive internal bleeding.

Back 36

aneurysm