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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the etiologies of sinus tachycardia?
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fear, pain, anxiety, or ineffective circulating volume, or hypoxemia, or hypercarbia
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what are the etiologies of sinus tachycardia associated with?
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sympathetic nervous system activation
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fear, pain, and anxiety can cause what?
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sinus tachycardia
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ineffective circulating volume can cause what?
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sinus tachycardia
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hypoxemia can cause what?
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sinus tachycardia
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hypercarbia can cause what?
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sinus tachycardia
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sympathetic nervous system activation can cause what?
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sinus tachycardia
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what is hypoxemia?
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decreased partial pressure of oxygen in blood
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what is hypercarbia?
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presence of an abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the circulating blood
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what are the etiologies of sinus bradycardia?
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combined hyponatremia/hyperkalemia (Na+/K+ < 20) elevated intracranial pressure, hypothermia, exposure to opiods (direct affect) or α-adrenergic agonists (reflex affect) or sick sinus syndrome
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combined hyponatremia/hyperkalemia (Na+/K+ < 20) elevated intracranial pressure can cause what?
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sinus bradycardia
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hypothermia can cause what?
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sinus bradycardia
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exposure to opiods can cause what?
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sinus bradycardia (direct affect)
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α-adrenergic agonists can cause what?
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sinus bradycardia (reflex affect)
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sick sinus syndrome can cause what?
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sinus bradycardia
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what is combined hyponatremia/hyperkalemia?
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"low sodium concentration in the blood/higher than normal levels of
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how does hyponatrmia/hyperkalemia result in elevated intracranial pressure?
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dehydration leads to additional ADH resulting in increasing pressure
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what is sick sinus syndrome?
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organic heart disease characterized by extremely slow sinus node discharge rate, often with abnormal sinus bradycardia at rest and inappropriate slow rate during exercise (ie failure of appropriate response to epinephrine)
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what variant is a respiratory sinus arrhythmia?
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a normal variant of sinus rhythm
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what occurs when the lung parenchyma stretches during inhalation?
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inhibits the central cardioinhibitory center
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what is the result of inhibition of the central cardioinhibitory center from streth of the lung parenchyma result in?
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autonomic balance at he SA node varies cyclically with ventilation
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what happens to HR during ventilation?
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increase during inhalation and decrease during exhalation
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who has the most notable respiratory sinus arrhythmia?
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athletically fit individuals with high vagal tone at the SA node or individuals given opiods or α2-adrenergic agonists
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what is an AV nodal block?
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an arrhythmia that is an abnormality of impulse conduction
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what types of AV nodal block are there?
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first, second, and third in order of increasing severity of the functional impairment of AV nodal conduction
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what is a third degree AV block?
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condition wherein the sinus impulse is transmitted to the AV node, but is never propagated to the ventricles
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when a sinus impulse is transmitted to the AV node, but is never propagated to the ventricles, it is called what?
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third degree AV block
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what occurs during a third degree AV block?
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the sinus node and atria continue depolarizing at the sinus rate,and the ventricles begin depolarizing and contracting at a slower rate corresponding to the spontaneous rate of depolarization of ventricular pacing cells
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what is the spontaneous rate of depolarization of ventricular pacing cells?
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ventricular escape rhythm
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what is a ventricular escape rhythm?
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the spontaneous rate of depolarization of ventricular pacing cells which continues the mechanical activity of the ventricular myocardium
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what is the result of reliance on the ventricular escape rhythm?
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reduced cardiac output because of athe slower rate of depolarization
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what causes third degree AV block?
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organic heart disease
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what are the treatment options for third degree AV block?
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antimuscarinic therapy or pacemaker implantation
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what is a second degree AV block?
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condition where some sinus impulses are conducted through the AV node while others are not
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what is second degree AV block associated with?
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excessive cholinergic tone at the AV node and can be a direct consequence of high vagal tone secondary to athletic fitness or drug-induced either directly or reflexively
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when some sinus impulses are conducted through the AV node while others are not, it is called what?
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second degree AV block
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what occurs during a second degree AV block?
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atrial depolarizes which are not followed by ventricular depolarization
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how are second degree AV block characterized?
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as Mobitz type 1 or Mobitz type 2
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Mobitz type 1 or Mobitz type 2 are what type of arrhythmias?
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second degree AV block
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is Mobitz type 1 or Mobitz type 2 more common in animals?
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Mobitz type 1
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what is Mobitz type 2?
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abnormality of His bundle conduction that is prominent in humans due to myocardial infarction of the interventricular septum that appears electrocardiographicly as an AV nodal block
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how can Mobitz type 1 be distinguished from Mobitz type 2?
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Mobitz type 1 responds to antimuscarinic therapy while Mobitz type 2 does not
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what is first degree AV block?
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a condition of delay between atrial and ventricular depolarization is abnormally long (but all sinus impulses are conducted through the AV node)
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what is first degree AV block associated with?
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high vagal tone, which slows AV conduction velocity
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how does hyponatrmia/hyperkalemia result in elevated intracranial pressure?
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dehydration leads to additional ADH resulting in increasing pressure
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