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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Etiology, Pathology, and Pathophysiology of Atrial Septal Defect?
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Etiology: Congenital abnormality; associated with trisomies and rubella syndrome
Pathology and Pathophysiology: Defect in atrial septum allowing communication between right and left atria. Lower pulmonary vasculature resistance leads to formation of left-to-right shunt. |
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What are the clinical manifestations of Atrial Septal Defect?
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Often presents in adult life with a wide fixed split S2 and a systolic ejection murmur.
Complications include pulmonary hypertension, late cyanosis, and paradoxic embolism. |
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What is the treatment of Atrial Septal Defect?
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Surgery for large ASDs.
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What is the Etiology, Pathology, and Pathophysiology of Ventricular Septal Defect?
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Etiology: Most common congenital cardiac anomaly; caused by failure of the interventricular septum to fuse with the aortic septum; associated with fetal alcohol syndrome and Down syndrome
Pathology and Pathophysiology: Defect in ventricular septum allows communication between right and left ventricles. Lower pulmonary vasculature resistance leads to formation of left-to-right shunt. |
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What are the clinical manifestations of Ventricular Septal Defect?
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Holosystolic murmur at left lower sternal border and RVH.
Complications include pulmonary hypertension, late cyanosis, and paradoxical embolism. |
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What is the treatment of Ventricular Septal Defect?
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Small VSDs may close spontaneously; surgery is needed for large VSDs.
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What is the Etiology, Pathology, and Pathophysiology of Patent Ductus Arteriosus?
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Etiology: Congenital anomaly caused by failure of closure of fetal ductus arteriosus; associated with congenital rubella; increased risk in patients at high altitudes
Pathology and Pathophysiology: Persistence of communication between pulmonary arteries and aorta after birth. Lower pulmonary vasculature resistance produces a left-to-right shunt. |
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What are the clinical manifestations of Patent Ductus Arteriosus?
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Presents with continuous "machine-like" murmur.
Complications include RV hypertrophy and Right ventricular failure. |
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What is the treatment of Patent Ductus Arteriosus?
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Indomethacin closes PDA; misoprostol (PGE) keeps PDA open.
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What is Eisenmenger syndrome?
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Cyanosis occurring in adulthood due to a shunt shift from left-to-right to right-to-left caused by uncorrected VSDs, ASDs, and PDAs.
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What is the Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathology of Coarctation of the Aorta?
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Etiology and Epidemiology: associated with Turner syndrome. Occurs more frequently in men.
Pathology: Infantile type is associated with narrowing of the aorta proximal to the ductus arteriosus. Adult type is associated with narrowing of teh aorta distal to the ductus arteriosus. Both types may be accompanied by bicuspid aortic valve, aortic stenosis, ASD, VSD, berry aneurysm, or mitral regurgitation. |
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What are the clinical manifestations of Coarctation of the Aorta?
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Adult type presents with weak femoral pulses; hypertension in upper extremities; left ventricular hypertrophy; holosystolic murmur. Infantile type presents with Heart failure. Notching of ribs on x-ray due to collateral circulation.
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What is the treatment of Coarctation of the Aorta?
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Surgical resection
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What is the Etiology and Pathology of Tetralogy of Fallot?
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Etiology: Caused by anterosuperior displacement of infundibular septum resulting in unequal division of the aorta and pulmonary artery.
Pathology: Tetrology includes pulmonery stenosis, RV hypertrophy, VSD, and aorta overiding a VSD. |
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What are the clinical manifestations of Tetralogy of Fallot?
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Results in right-to-left shunt leading to early cyanosis at birth, hypercapnea, and restlessness. X-ray shows boot-shaped heart.
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What are the treatment and prognosis of Tetralogy of Fallot?
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Surgery to close VSD and relieve pulmonary stenosis. Clinical prognosis is dependent on the severity of pulmonary stenosis.
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What is Transposition of the great Vessels?
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Presents with early cyanosis and is associated with offspring of diabetic mothers.
It is caused by failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral, resulting in the aorta arising from the RV and the pulmonary trunk arising from the LV. Fatal unless associated with VSD, ASD, or PDA and is treated with immediate surgery. |
